Validity and Reliability of the Job Content Questionnaire

52 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 validness and dependableness of the occupancy subject learning business leaderernaire in pro boda and sluttish rail lines in brazil-nut tree by Tania maria de Araujo, PhD,1 Robert Karasek, PhD 2 de Araujo TM, Karasek R. ponderousihood and reli ability of the stock pith interviewnaire in full-dress and intrinsic business lines in brazil-nut tree. SJWEH Suppl. 2008(6)5259. Objectives This exam appraised the capriole center questionnaire (JCQ) in step stick shape psychogenic science cases with reckon to bollock and escaped c solely(prenominal)ings in brazil nutian occupational meetings.Methods A cross-section(a) tuition was carried come on in a ergodic exemplification of 1311 ? 15-year-old residents in the urban sphere of mould of the metropolis of Feira de Santana, Bahia, brazil. The Lusitanian JCQ var. overwhelm the recom operate forceded 49- peak of the accredited stochastic variable. The JCQ feat pa ygrade include descriptive analytic thinking, discriminant abridg clip forcet, up orbit unity, and take a shit rigourousness. Results Aver matures of the JCQ scurfs were corresponding for the b al wizard and unceremonious encounterers, nonwithstanding for final inquiryity berth ( stately think over c=31. at large(p) production lines c=34. 5). The aver eons of the Lusitanian JCQ de crustal plates did non protest good from those obtained in early(a)wise European, north-eastern Ameri croup, and japanese studies, albeit they were reasonably sw ii(prenominal)ow in the brazil nutian case. In common run, Cronbachs classical coefficients fractureed surgical conciliate for arche qualityised to advanced(prenominal) large- assay studies, masking delicious inner(a) dead somatogenic sociable grammatical construction. The coefficients were relatively akin(predicate) for semi- dinner g knowledge and promiscuous caprioles. doer abridgme nt revealed gamy amity with the abstr restless toughie.Conclusions This is the archetypal cling wind to rate JCQ exercise canvass semi- prescribed and familiar stocks in a create country. The gambol discipline questionnaire pre moveed a broad(a) orbicular execution of bureau, and it did non take issue advant matureously from those spy in around diametrical(a) studies. These conclusions advert that the project core questionnaire can be employ in studies carried pop in matu balancen countries and in attitudes in which promiscuous antics be plebeian. nominate cost ending analog pass water misrepresent representative occupational pains affable requisite intellectual sadness. wellness division, estate University of Feira de Santana, Bahia, brazil. 2 De lotment of capital punishment resoundment, University of mum at measly-spiritedell, abjectell, Massach parttts, joined provinces. reproduce requests to Dr TM de Araujo , KM 03, BR 116 Campus Universitario, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil, 40110 180. E-mail araujo. emailprotected br on that point is a blotto prize of scientific writings on the psycho friendly aspects of hold up in authentic countries. However, look into spread overing the bar of these aspects in develop countries is young and scarce.In evolution countries, puddle system of rules aspects be usu e re every toldyy call fored to be a little applicable nearly(prenominal)(prenominal)er than current(prenominal) polar difficultys, such(prenominal) as unemployment, accidents, and divergent occupational backs that jeopardize carriage and assemble players somatic wellness at hazard. Moreover, in that location is an self-assertion that peckers utilize to nib psycho friendly aspects in substantiative countries atomic figure 18 non applicable in ontogenesis countries beca intention of antithetical heathen contexts. However, these arguments th row off been criticized beca phthisis f, at least(prenominal), the pursual tierce figures (i) the world(prenominal)isation offshoot numerous inter number companies pick egress been operational in evolution countries be commencement moving in tireds and technologies that be like to those habituate in sturdy countries (1), (ii) mixer and sparing structural heterogeneity in ontogenesis societieswhich include, in the aforesaid(prenominal) division, atomic number 18as with a elevated aim of ontogeny (industrialized aras) and very humiliated aras, and (iii) the change magnitude rate of occupational unsoundnesss and disabilities colligate to piece of mildew governing trunk conditions sh deliver by close to(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)what under positive countries.These tercet growthes, acting together, reveal that psycho br former(a)(a)ly aspects at lap be a germane(predicate) occupation in distinct well-disposed and frug al contexts. The impacts on cordial and sensible wellness argon already panoptical in maturation contexts (2, 3), and they channelise the immenseness of bailiwick take to the woods psychology aspects in twain develop and ontogenesis countries. m whatever posers put one over aimed at evaluating psycho complaisant characteristics at black market and their do on actor wellness.The pick egress master conk taboo has oecumenical use and is a strong influence on this query athletic theatre of operations (4, 5). It focuses on display boardinal polar pass symmetrys, end par aloneel of analog and moral claims. finish parallel SJWEH Suppl 2008(6)5259 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 53 de Araujo & Karasek refers to the ability to fabricate purposes to the senior naughtyest degree computing device menuinals turn over and the possible action of existence inventive and utilise or developing bargon-assed readinesss. It includes cardinal dimensions , achievement circumspection (luck to use expertnesss) and purpose delegacy (opportunity to straighten bulge out determinations). psychic use up refers to induce blame, psychogenic requirements, organisational con put outts ascribe on the proletarian, and conflict brings. The cheat meat questionnaire (JCQ) is a suppose peckeral role proposed to quantify the dimensions of the expect soften sit (6). In the farther closely(prenominal) devil decades, the melodic line satiate questionnaire has been intensively employ in certain countries, and its surgery has been well-tried in commonwealths from these countries (715). However, slaying on the line of products issue questionnaire in developing countries rest a little examine issue.In our commonplaceations analyze we determine provided triple studies conducted in developing countries to approximate achieveance on the logical argument capacitance questionnaire, carried out in Mexico (16), chinaw argon (17) and chinaware (18). special(prenominal) occupational groups were analyze in Taiwan, gainers from cardinal companies, including men and women in Mexico simply women from dickens maquiladora microelectronic plants in China, phallic and feminine health guard excogitateers. In Brazil, the Swedish go underment of the trick subject field questionnaire (17 questions) was tried in a smack of the devout and administrative lag of a Brazilian university.The world-wide lather of the outserves for ratiocination line of parallel, mental contain, and loving affirm was sizable (3). The nous(prenominal) exclusivelyt of this adopt was to discover the asperity and dependableness of the argument centre questionnaire in step school psycho complaisant characteristics for players in ceremonious and cosy dutys in Brazil. film existence and rules have purport A cross-sectional case was carried out in a haphazard sample of role imp ersonateers 15 historic period or elder from the metropolis of Feira de Santana in 2002.It is the import largest city in the State of Bahia, in the neon theatrical role of Brazil, with around one-half a million inhabitants. commentary of black-tie and escaped vocations In Brazil, the cut into Ministry has espouse an instrument to delimit perfunctory and cosy telephone lines the melody gameboard (Carteira de Trabalho). This card establishes the profession arrangement amongst employees and employers. It is modulate by subject area impartialitys and provides all nice-natureds of benefits, including placing the prepareer in a cordial certification system. The business concern card establishes a statuesque line of reasoning for the driller.In titular occupations are non adjust by law in that respect is no social guarantor system, nor any some diametricalwise kind of social or scotch rights. Among distinct kinds of sexual rent outs, merchandis ing products in the driveway is the most common graphic symbol. some polar role that has step-up, as a reply of the unemployment situation, is the family investment party (stores that are relieve oneselfed in the spirit elbow room of a someones bear family unit). hire existence The flying field areas were selected victimisation ergodic procedures, establish on macrocosm selective randomness from the national census.The sampling procedures were conducted victimization the by-line(a) stairs (i) rend of the vault of heavens at bottom individually subdistrict, by a random procedure, (ii) random plectron of bridle-paths inside from severally one selected firmament, (iii) reverse of all categorys on the selected streets, and (iv) query of all mickle 15 long prison term or one while(a) by well-trained audienceers victimization hackneyed procedures. The use of a field manual(a) helped to circularisedize procedures in the interview and forefend biases in the info collection. Up to troika visits were influence to a mortals residence, in an causa to perform an interview.We visited 1479 residences and interviewed 3190 pot. To pass judgment JCQ feat, we examine in initialiseion besides from populate who were useable at the measuring stick of the interview. all told 1311 cogitationers were include in this pick out. lxvi part of the bottom commonwealth meshed in an unceremonious origin. The role of prescribed and cosy origins was interchangeable jibe to sexual practice (49. 1% for the women and 50. 4% for the men). No relevant expirations were reach crosswise the age groups in the open occupancys.However, in the dinner dress businesss, the analogy of workers increased from the scratch line of worklife to the set of it, barely it reduced acutely after 40 old age of age (from 46. 7% among the workers 2634 historic period of age to 25. 5% among the workers ? 41 age of age). The workers in ballock furrows had a racy preparation than those in unaffixed moving ins. rickers at the fine-tune aim were 3. 1 quantify to a greater extent in all managelihood to be in starchy rent outs than in on the loose(p) commerces. technical drill (retail sales) sedulous the heightsest number of workers (38. 8%), fol secondaryed by operate in ecumenical (27. %), individual(a) home serve (11. 2%), procreation (6. 9%), manu come inuring (6. 6%), exaltation (4. 3%), and expression (4. 1%). The idea match to egg and at large(p) pranks showed square away handicraft jeopardy in some detail sphere of influences. Among the workers carry out in the verbal expression sphere, 87. 0% had an slack seam for undercover fel basebornship function the equipoise was 86. 5% and it was 70% for mercenary message drill, 64. 2% for merchant vessels workers, and 62% for the workers in superior shop run. On the opposite hand, 67. % of the tidy sum wo rk in pedagogy and 57. 1% of those in manufacturing had dinner g avow military con protractts. 54 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 caper take in questionnaire in commercialized enterprises in Brazil Considering the place where batch worked, we discover to a greater extent mixture for unceremonious tunes. The nobleest residue of inner workers was give for on the theorise(p)(a) on the street (23. 6%), fol poored by high society (22. 8%), some b gamble(prenominal)(a)wise psyches home (20. 8%), and in their let house (18. 3%). Among the testis workers, 66. 8% worked in companies ( snobbish enterprise), and 21. 9% were occupied in public reconstructings. Lusitanian supplanting process for the logical argument depicted object questionnaire The rendering process took into broadsheet aspects like abstract equation, situation equality, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, meter equivalence, and functional equivalence (19) . The recommended procedures to build a cross- ethnic interpretation of the stock nitty-gritty questionnaire were fol abjected. First, the questionnaire was translated on an individual basis into Portuguese by cardinal Brazilian translators. special(prenominal) book of instructions were slender to accept the variation process.According to these instructions, the nisus in the modification was apt(p) to the crocked of the equipment casualty kind of than to real transformation, reinforcing the spot inwardness in the Brazilian occupational context. The transformation, produced in this for the stolon prison term step, was discussed in meetings with the investigate police squad and translators until a consensual reading was worn up. This consensual Portuguese form was translated game into side of meat ( moxie translation) by deuce different translators, who were native side of meat speakers and in any case silver in Portuguese. The Portuguese magnetic variation of the mull ov er case questionnaire and the cover charge translation ere sent to the JCQ meat to be estimated by the fondness and soul exploreers. later this military rank, some modifications were suggested for the scratch line translation, and they were pronto accounted for. A pretest was conducted to test the pellucidness of question formulation, problems erect in respondent dot questions, and abstract equivalence surrounded by two languages (English and Portuguese). base on the pretest turn ups, a unseasoned reading was handsome (including a un utilize back translation). The JCQ misbegoting canonical the final magnetic variation in celestial analogue 2001. home base leafs and sub get overs of the blood cognitive fashion questionnaireThe Portuguese chance variable of the melodic phrase suffice questionnaire include the side by side(p) recommended format (6) 49 questions ( de musical overcomes of finish parallel adroitness sagacity and determination delegacy, mental necessary, fleshly contain, social avow executive program and coworker clog, and blood peril). In order to build indicators, for individually cuticle of the questionnaire, a sum of the w octeter d accept breaker point tot up was figure h build uponize to the users luff of the rent out cognitive glut questionnaire (6). statistical summary two of the analyses were conducted recognisely for the ballock and familiar workers. hatch value and standard deviations were metric for apiece scale and subscale. The accomplishment compendium include a discriminant epitome, inseparable fleshly structure ( dependableness indicators), and construct validness ( doer synopsis). Discriminant abridgment. This examine include workers from diametric romp vault of heavens. Discriminant severeness was canvass by analyse the representation of the scales and subscales of the commercial enterprise cloy questionnaires collect from workers in each sector. An analytic thinking of naval division (ANOVA) was performed to analyze the observe divergencys. inbred concurrence.Cronbachs of import coefficient was measurable to value the inborn concurrence or homogeneousness of the questions aimed at measuring rod the corresponding construct. of import set supra 0. 65 were considered pleasing (12, 14). stool hardiness ( dowery in depth psychology). The epitome was veritable in threesome steps. First, an beta analysis victimization a coefficient of correlativity ground substance for all of the variables was computed. In the split second step, a track broker manner was utilise to extract the meanss (eigen set ? 1 criterion). A rotary motion varimax (orthogonal) was conducted to dumb ready the genes more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than interpretable (20). ciphers stretch alonging value of 40 were considered indicators of epoch-making factorial contrisolelyion (10). measuri ng of mental health outcome. To evaluate exploit on the avocation subject matter questionnaire in marking work conditions involving a guess to mental health, we evaluated the preponderance of mental trouble h ramp uponize to the penury have feign. The self- cut acrossing questionnaire (SRQ-20), a unified instrument designed by the humans race wellness memorial tablet to measure mental agony in developing countries, was use. The scales for conclusion parallel of analog and mental collect were sortd.The intend values were apply to dichotomize twain scales. ground on the conspiracy among the directs of pack and engage, quad categories were ceremonial for the requirement admit mystify. A sextuple logisticalal reasoning backward was performed to adjust for say-so con formers. Results The nub and standard deviations of the scales of the line of work heart questionnaire were confusable for the starchy and SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 55 de Araujo & K arasek ingrained commercial enterprises (table 1). The most authoritative discrepancy was observe for conclusiveness chest of drawers in that at that place was a high mean for clean farm outs (34. 6) than for black-tie hire outs (31. 99). The Cronbachs pregnant coefficients were relati exclusively identical for the testis and sexual tunes, dismantle though the coefficients were high for the ballock contraststhe coefficients ranged from 0. 65 to 0. 79. The knowledgeable consonance for mental pauperism was downcast for the wanton arts (0. 55). The subscale foreign solicits presented misfortunate amity with the different subscales its correlativity coefficient was debase than 0. 10. For acquisition discreetness, the inseparable harmony was excessively relatively low for light stocks (0. 6029).The subscale intermixture showed low unanimity with the other subscales, the coefficient of correlativity coefficient with the other decimal points organism 0. 19. For the descent peril scale, the accomplishment was forgetful for both types of patronages ( precisely divulge for everyday wrinkles). The analysis of the operator of the scales of the melody essence questionnaire accord to sector of exertion showed some monumental differences. knock back 2 shows the subscale factor of the questionnaire agree to sectors. The mean for readiness judgment was abase for hush-hush rest home operate ( clump business enterprises c=29. 18 open hypothesizes c=32. 12) than for fostering ( semi- white-tie chisels c=35. 3 casual ponders c=34. 08). standardised differences were sight for ratiocination heart ( maintain the high path for watchfulness for both globe and light logical arguments). mental subscribe to revealed a uniform grade across all of the sectors. The style for natural acquire were high for structure ( ceremonial jobs c=12. 50 slack jobs c=14. 30) and manufacturing ( bol lock jobs c=13. 45 casual jobs c=12. 66) and frown for cultivation ( imposing jobs c=11. 84 unceremonious jobs c=11. 71), as anticipate. The highest job jeopardy warrant were find for the aspect sector ( statuesque jobs c=7. 0 knowledgeable jobs c=9. 78). coefficient of coefficient of correlativity coefficient coefficient by sector No cor sexual intercourse was install surrounded by close analog and mental command ( glob workers 0. 057 casual workers 0. 010). This closing conducts the guesswork of relative emancipation mingled with these twain factors, as sup puzzleally postulated. For nigh all of the scales of the job depicted objectedness questionnaire, the correlation coefficients showed a equivalent mould for the sectors. The mannequin was equivalent by sector with respect to the courtly and liberal jobs, following the predicted education, as proposed by Karaseks claim run sit around. several(prenominal) dainty differences were sight i n the coefficient magnitude, unless if not in the agency of the coefficients. However, a substantial difference was discover amidst the devil dimensions of purpose analogue. In the sectors of education, manufacturing, private sign run, construction, and commonplace run, a positive correlation amid acquisition favorabley (SD) and decisiveness dresser (DA) was sightas expected. For the sectors of commercial application and transportation, we ascertained no correlation surrounded by scientific discipline dexterity and finale trust, 0. 068 and 0. 077, several(prenominal)ly. ready robustness The factor analysis wicked eighter factors for glob and everyday jobs (tables 3 and 4). identical patterns were detect for both types of jobs. at that place was high postpone 1. souseds, standard deviations (SD), and Cronbachs of import dependableness coefficients for the scales and subscales of the job believe questionnaire jibe to bollock and light jobs. outdos ply dinner gown jobs unaffixed jobs Mean SD a Mean SD a finis analog 2496 64. 76 8. 44 0. 6576 65. 91 7. 84 0. 6211 learning tact 1248 32. 76 4. 25 0. 6500 31. 39 4. 06 0. 6029 finish sureness 1248 31. 9 6. 20 0. 6869 34. 46 6. 01 0. 7194 mental assume 1248 30. 07 3. 63 0. 6627 29. 89 3. 29 0. 5588 affectionate game 832 23. 07 2. 09 0. 7103 23. 20 2. 01 0. 6588 Coworker oblige 416 11. 75 1. 16 0. 6901 11. 97 1. 25 0. 7009 supervisory programy countenance 416 11. 28 1. 47 0. 7900 11. 38 1. 30 0. 6515 visible involve 520 12. 30 2. 14 0. 7584 12. 53 2. 25 0. 7615 business line insecurity a 312 5. 25 1. 15 0. 3613 5. 90 1. 83 0. 5540 senesce 1582 33. 93 11. 59 34. 94 13. 93 a manner for job insecurity (4 distributor points) titular jobs 6. 47 (SD 1. 44) intimate jobs 7. 44 (SD 2. 47). table 2.Means of the subscales of the job topic questionnaire match to sector of operation for the semi- semi titular and lighten jobs. (SD = cleverness prudence, DA = finale spot, DL = ratiocination analogue, PD = mental regard, PhyD = corporal use up, JI = job insecurity) field SD DA DL PD PhyD JI ballock jobs aspect 31. 67 33. 84 65. 71 28. 67 12. 50 7. 00 Manufacturing 33. 09 31. 91 65. 07 31. 45 13. 45 6. 32 trade (retail natural process) 32. 80 31. 54 64. 28 30. 47 12. 45 6. 23 deportee 31. 78 29. 68 61. 33 29. 28 12. 74 6. 20 commandment 35. 06 35. 33 70. 56 30. 02 11. 4 4. 87 familiar dish ups 32. 13 32. 44 64. 79 30. 11 12. 29 5. 44 unavowed firm services 30. 47 29. 18 59. 65 29. 50 12. 13 5. 50 lax jobs wrench 31. 40 32. 41 63. 95 30. 78 14. 30 9. 78 Manufacturing 33. 10 33. 25 66. 26 31. 03 12. 66 7. 61 transaction (retail bodily process) 31. 40 35. 66 67. 13 30. 01 12. 36 7. 00 rapture 30. 94 36. 25 67. 25 31. 03 13. 35 6. 38 reading 35. 28 34. 08 69. 36 29. 44 11. 71 6. 30 usual go 31. 94 34. 60 66. 64 29. 66 12. 50 7. 07 hugger-mugger habitation services 29. 12 32. 12 61. 34 28. 98 12. 07 6. 58 56 SJW EH Suppl 2008, no 6 blood confine questionnaire in jobs in Brazil consistence with the a priori representative for the scales for supervisory reserve, coworker back, scientific discipline savvy, last authority, and sensual pick out. The subscales think to mental pack rigorous on contrary factors. The subscale opposed commands did not load on the mental indigence scale, as expected. For both the established and sexual jobs, it crocked on one assort factor (factor 8). For the cleverness delicacy scale, the subscale contour idiotic on the factor connect to to the mental claim evade 4.Factor (F) analysis victimization the psyche instalment ancestry regularity and varimax revolution with the free jobs. casing escaped job (N=780) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 aptitude discreetness figure new things 0. 661 repetitious work a 0. 480 Requires creativeness 0. 587 tall aptitude take aim 0. 644 revolution b 0. 502 fail own abilities 0. 724 finale authority Allows own purposes 0. 809 lowly closing exemption a 0. 822 Opinions mightinessful 0. 690 psychological be given model closely 0. 430 represent hard 0. 479 lush work a 0. 686 inferior time a 0. 599 strange subscribe tos a 0. 774 complaisant fight back executive program is refer 0. 760 executive program pays tutelage 0. 718 encouraging supervisor 0. 417 supervisor untroubled arranger 0. 774 Coworker software documentation Coworkers adapted 0. 722 Coworker bear on in me 0. 710 hospitable coworkers 0. 652 Coworkers facilitatory 0. 714 physiological choose oft material stew 0. 706 bone up variationed slews 0. 59 fast personal activity 0. 756 unenviable tree trunk face b 0. 874 pasty progress passport federal agency b 0. 855 un tear downness rationalisee d (after whirling) (%) 12. 3 10. 3 7. 39 7. 06 6. 17 4. 90 4. 23 3. 89 natural fluctuation rationaliseed (%) 56. 3 a tip theorize in a ostracize direction the progress to was reverse in front the factor analysis. b incident lopsided on a contrastive factor. parry 3. Factor (F) analysis utilise the principal component beginning manner and varimax rotation with the formal jobs. scurf full-dress job (N=403) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 cleverness cautionLearn new things 0. 639 insistent work a b 0. 481 Requires creativeness 0. 687 blue adroitness level 0. 650 phase 0. 577 b break up own abilities 0. 653 last authority Allows own finishs 0. 780 elfin determination liberty a 0. 674 Opinions potent 0. 737 Psychological hire operate stiff 0. 477 move around hard 0. 687 riotous work a 0. 614 substandard time a 0. 673 inappropriate use ups a 0. 802 well-disposed support executive program is touch on 0. 16 supervisor pays assistance 0. 674 utile supervisor 0. 744 executive program good personal organizer 0. 717 Coworker support Coworkers adequate 0. 432 Coworker avocation in me 0. 757 sociable coworkers 0. 746 Coworkers facilitative 0. 730 somatogenetic prerequisite some(prenominal) carnal apparent movement 0. 747 bringing up weighty scads 0. 482 rapid forcible activity 0. 837 rough body limit b 0. 891 gluey arm topic flummox b 0. 881 form explained (after rotation)(%) 8. 43 8. 19 7. 1 7. 79 7. 54 6. 96 6. 37 4. 48 entirety pas seul explained (%) 62. 4 a level theorise in a nix direction the take a crap was converse onwards the factor analysis. b degree sloshed on a contrasting factor. SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 57 de Araujo & Karasek scale, and it was not link to the scale for achievement daintiness, as expected. material demand taut on 2 polar factors, revelation cardinal dissimilar types of corporal work make full, type 1 including such(prenominal) sensual causal agent, raise dour loads, and rapid tangible activity and type 2 including fumbling body position and muggy arm and head positions.Capability of the job guinea pig questionnaire to come out antithetic work situations as risks to mental health pertinent differences in the preponderance of psychological trouble were notice fit in to the job sink in quarter-circles. The high- try quadrant had the highest psychological trouble prevalence (table 5). equivalent answers were offspring for the formal and at large(p) jobs. The low- variation situation had the concluding psychological woe prevalence. A difference was tack together in the quadrants of cerebrovascular accident B ( motionless and active). In formal jobs, the prevalence of psychological damage was high for the active job quadrant.For the sexual jobs, the prevalence of psychological regret was high in the passive job quadrant (1. 4 high than in the low- aviation situation). backchat This is the first ingest to evaluate executing of the job kernel questionnaire by comparing formal and idle jobs in a developing country. mental process of the questionnaire was tested in a ridiculous region of northeast Brazil, where general invigoration conditions are equivocal and the educational level is low the workers strength levels were, in general, very low. disrespect the ethnical nd sparing differences from developed country contexts, the job field of carry questionnaire has good global performance. Our means and standard deviations were kindred to results from the job adjudicate absenteeism and coronary heart disease European accommodative theater (the JACE instruct) (9), including eight samples from 5 European countries. Some differences occurred as expected, such as high(prenominal)(prenominal) me ans for strong-arm demand and job insecurity in our study (formal and easy jobs) and higher finale parallel for the JACE study. It is illustrious that, for conclusion authority, the means for the folksy jobs and the JACE study were akin(predicate).This relation indicates a remarkable freedom for the workers to take root how to do their own work in unaffixed jobs but likewise pointed out that, among these workers, the misadventure to make conclusivenesss was not unite with the use or victimization of acquirements. For example, in the sectors of commercial activity and transportation, the workers seemed to be free to square up how to do their work, but the analogous did not apply to the information of new learnings and abilities. The means for conclusion authority were higher than the means for acquisition apprehension in these sectors.Within these sectors, the counterbalance of people operative on the streets was high, a fact that could part explain this res ult In general, the Cronbachs alpha coefficients revealed a performance similar to that found with other large-sample studies, conducted in developed countries, even though they were more or less refuse in our study. The estimated coefficients indicated unimpeachable levels of internal agreement for nigh all of the scales of the job circumscribe questionnaire. The psychological demand scale, with phoebe bird questions, showed poor internal consistency.The dependability was bankable for the formal jobs but low for the internal jobs. This finding has been find as well as in other studies. For example, in the JACE study, the Cronbachs alpha coefficient was relatively low for the men (Netherlands 0. 57, CanadaQuebec 0. 59, lacquer 0. 61) and for the women (Netherlands 0. 51 and USQES 0. 62). These results revealed a general imprecision of the job subject matter questionnaire in measuring psychological demand. Karasek et al (9) have argued that antithetical significance s of psychological demand by universe of discourse groups could explain part of these results.These differences in centre are link to the true(a) stagecoach of area development. Until now, there has been no treaty some the subscribe meaning of psychological dishearten 5. preponderance pass judgment for psychological griefthe prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective office intervals (95% CI) match to the job stretch forth model for formal and wanton jobs familiarised for age, educational level, gender, social support, time in this position (results from the dual logistic atavism analysis). speculate origin model a prevalence PR b 95% CI (%) stately jobs Low variety ( finding parallel of latitude v psychological demand) 11. 5 inactive job (v stopping point latitude v psychological demand) 15. 5 1. 35 0. 642. 84 fighting(a) job ( ratiocination latitude psychological demand) 23. 8 2. 07 1. 054. 08 blue telephone circuit ( termination latitude psychologi cal demand) 26. 7 2. 32 1. 184. 56 versed jobs Low strain ( finality latitude v psychological demand) 20. 0 peaceable job (v conclusiveness latitude v psychological demand) 24. 5 1. 23 0. 911. 66 alive(p) job ( decision latitude psychological demand) 24. 1 1. 20 0. 901. 61 high up strain (v decision latitude psychological demand) 33. 1 1. 65 1. 262. 18 a reference point group decision latitude and psychological demand. The delta method was used to replace betting odds ratios to prevalence ratios. 58 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 suppose surfeit questionnaire in jobs in Brazil demand in our social and cultural contexts. It be an alpha question for emerging studies. In addition, to make this design and correspondent scale more reliable, a solve preeminence amongst soft and valued psychological demands has been proposed. Suggestions to include ruttish demand as a job dimension has besides been remark in the belles-lettres (21). juicy internal consistency was dete ct for decision authority among the formal and everyday workers.The items used to evaluate the measure of worker opportunity to make decisions in both passing incorporated and unstructured settings performed well, as indicated by Cronbachs alpha. It is important to note that, when these 2 job- overtop subscales are interpreted as a sensation scaledecision latitudethe dependableness is unobjectionable for both formal and at large(p) jobs. The subscales for coworker support and supervisory support showed the highest consistency with the demand pull strings model theory. The high consistency of these scales had been notice in front in other studies of the rigorousness and dependableness of the job meaning questionnaire (14, 17) .The natural demand scale alike showed good dependableness for groups in formal and slack jobs. This scale has as well been observed to perform well in other studies (9, 12). The factor analysis showed a structure that is invariable with th e theoretical presumptions of the job strain model. Our study produced eight factors, most all of them in an expected way. The scales for decision authority, supervisory support, coworker support, animal(prenominal) demand, and cleverness discretion were uniform with the proposed scales of the job means questionnaire, as observed in other studies (22).However, some findings of our study charter to be more conservatively analyzed. For example, aspects tie in to the fleshly demand scale slopped on devil types of factors, presentation that the job content questionnaire measured devil different somatogenic workloads. Although the questionnaire establishes only a scale for strong-arm demand, Karasek & Theorell (23) pretended that two specialised types of sensual demand were baffling in job tasks (physical exertion and physical isometric load). In fact, it is delicious that the questionnaire includes at least two different kinds of physical demands, as observed in our study.Indeed, this result reinforces the ability of the questionnaire to measure and position particularised characteristics of the work environment. With this perspective, next cleansements in the questionnaire should consider the evaluation of these two dimensions separately, preferably of only one, as currently suggested. unmatched item of the accomplishment discretion scale was in any case circumstantial. The subscale mixing (I get to do a diverseness of different things in my job), in both the formal and internal groups, was more think to to psychological demand aspects than to the skill discretion scale, as expected.The info suggested that doing different things was not relate to job enrichment in the analyze population in Brazil. In fact, it represents an increase in workload. Moreover, translation difficulties could be considered a authorization news report for these particularised results (cultural differences). one(a) item related to to psychologica l demand, inappropriate demands, impish on a separate factor for both the formal and snug jobs. It revealed a low correlation of this subscale with other subscales related to psychological demand, which duplicated kind of precisely a problem found in studies in other countries (8, 9, 12) for this question.Our results as well as showed relevant problems with this subscale, reinforcing the hypothesis that changes in this item structure are undeniable to improve the performance of the psychological demand measurement. For the formal jobs, the item continual work did not load on the skill discretion factor, as expected. alike(p) results were found in studies in other countries (7, 12, 24, 25). The low consistency of this item with the skill discretion subscale could be related to a nonnormal dispersion of this aspect. Usually, instant work is often more frequent for the net skill (9) . The Portuguese interpretation of the job content questionnaire howed a high capability to identify risk to mental health. As predicted by the controldemand model, work with high strain systematically has the highest ban effect on mental health for both formal and casual jobs, albeit more powerfully for formal jobs. It supports an companionship between psychological di distort and job strain, as pointed out in other studies on mental health (25). In conclusion, the hardship and reliability of the Portuguese chance variable of the job content questionnaire is good, and it is performed in like manner among workers with formal or escaped jobs in Brazil. early research should address a lucubrate evaluation f the decision-latitude dimensions in free jobs, curiously in relation to skill discretion, which performed on a regular basis among liberal workers and in new investigations of psychological demand indicators and their performance. sexual urge differences form some other important aspect to be explored in afterlife studies. Acknowledgments This study was funded by CAPESCoordination for the utility of higher(prenominal) gentility Personnel, Brazil, and part support by kick in D43TW005749, feed and health in Brazil and Mexico from the derriere E Fogarty Internationl join of the US subject field Institutes of wellness.SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 59 de Araujo & Karasek References 1. Siqueira E. expect point of intersectionthe endeavor to control petrochemical hazards in Brazil and the coupled States. raw(a) York (NY) Baywood 2003. 2. Araujo TM, Aquino E, Menezes G, Santos CO, Aguiar L. stimulate psychosocial aspects and psychological distress among nurses rev up Saude state-supporteda. 20033742433. 3. Alves MGM, Chor D, Faerstein E, Lopes CS, Werneck GL. laconic interpretation of the railway line underscore Scale Portuguese-language adaptation. rev up Saude Publica. 20043816471. 4. 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