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Female Based Research Paper Topics Before 1700s in Europe

Female Based Research Paper Topics Before 1700s in EuropeThe topic about this gender-based research paper topics before 1700s in Europe was brought to the world's attention for the first time by the work of Cecily Saunders. She was one of a group of scholars in England who studied the subjects of sexuality and religion at a particular time and place in history.Their focus was on European history, the Middle Ages, but the group did take a look at other aspects of Europe. Among other things, they studied the topic of premarital sex, contraception, marriage, divorce, women's role in the church, homosexuality, prostitution, motherhood, and prostitution. They even took a look at any subjects that had been discussed or studied in previous studies and tried to put them into a new perspective.As a result, they uncovered many of the female-based issues in Europe that had previously been ignored and unmentioned by the academic community. If you are not familiar with the topic, you will find yo urself amazed at the number of things that can be shown to have a distinctly female approach. In fact, the group was able to trace the sexual abuse back to pagan origins and homosexuality back to Greek mythology.Some of the topics brought to light were alarming, to say the least, because they pointed out how much more violent and intolerant European men could be than women in other countries. The group also uncovered sexual crimes like the practice of castration, which was common among the aristocratic classes. Other methods that were often used included the use of eunuchs, forced prostitution, rape, and necrophilia.Then there were the topics that dealt with birth control and the practices that were involved in stopping the growth of children before they became adults. These include topics such as condoms, menstrual regulation, and castration. All of these topics seem to be a part of the female-based view of sexuality and society in general.There were even topics that occurred durin g the very specific time period that dealt with the issues of divorce. Many married couples in the Middle Ages found themselves living separately, but many felt that the separation had to be permanent. It was not uncommon for a woman to demand that her husband leave her, take her children, and marry someone else.This seemed to be a very serious topic, but it was also one that had rarely been looked at. The group examined many aspects of divorce, from its causes to its effects. They also explored the role of religion in the divorce of men and women, and the ways in which women were expected to stay in the home.This is just one of the many interesting topics that can be revealed when the group studies topics within European Studies. Since so many of the questions raised are ones that have been considered taboo, it can be easy to see how important the topic can be to other disciplines.

Strong Anecdote College Essay - the Conspiracy

Strong Anecdote College Essay - the Conspiracy The 30-Second Trick for Strong Anecdote College Essay Inside my experience, the very best essays take on an extremely strong voice that talk to a specific individual. All excellent reviews require a new start, any centre, plus some type of conclude. Not really so you can bring up as to why you'll be any fantastic in good shape created for car safety essay advanced schooling or maybe universityand why its a fabulous decent fit with respect to an individual. A comprehensive scene enables the readers to acquire a crystal clear picture of somebody, incidence or incidence. The Supreme Strategy for Strong Anecdote College Essay Although anecdotes are for the most part funny, it doesn't mean they are used only with funny essays. Although using anecdotes in writing requires you to be creative, we advise that you don't be reluctant to include anecdotes in your essays. Possessing a crystal clear and structured plan is the foundation for any great bit of writing, and a college essay is the same. Therefore, employing an anecdote when writing a college admission essay is surely a superior idea. Your college admissions essay ought to have a swift and very clear presentation. Writing an awesome graduate school essay is most likely much more straightforward than you could think. As it's the start of your essay, be sure that your introduction utilizes a suitable tone that prepares your readers for the story you're telling. Beginning with an outline will guide the writing procedure and save you from wandering away from the goal of your college essay. In truth, it's probably the most essential part of your essay, since it draws in the reader. Since you'll see, every one of them opens with a quote and we bet it made you need to keep reading. You should interest your reader in your topic so they may want to continue reading. When the reader becomes immersed in the scene, they'll be hooked to read the remainder of the essay. A quote may also capture what you need to convey eloquently. You should grab their attention and the best method to do this is by writing in your voice. Frequently, you won't get a sense of how to best implement a hook till you have fully developed the remainder of your essay. There's perhaps no greater approach to acquire your readers to finish reading your private statement than to make them guess what it is you're writing about through the element of mystery. As a consequence, it makes the topic of our argument you need to consider how you need to frame your introduction before beginning writing seem to be an important answer to a pressing problem. You shouldn't write about the very same topic you used for your private statement, even though it's fine to speak about something similar, so long as you adopt a clearly various angle. Now you own a list of prospective topics, but probably no clue where to get started. In reality, opening with a quote applicable to the topic of your essay is a particularly simple method to draw a reader in your argument. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. If you attempt to take on an extremely wide subject, you are going to end up with a lot of general statements and boring lists of your accomplishments. Two or three well-chosen quotes will demonstrate the professor that you would a superior task by means of your analysis. In the end, the very best essays are those that reflect an interesting, funny, insightful, or inspiring facet of your personality in a manner that engages the audience. Just choose the most important bits and offer some overall context in order for your readers can see what you're speaking about. Maybe you can continue an anecdote you started in the debut, incorporate some of your very own philosophical views concerning the subject, or present intriguing facts. Now you kn ow how to write a college essay, we've got a whole lot more specific resources for you to excel. The essay is the sole opportunity at which you can showcase your passions and distinctive voice that set you apart from the remaining part of the applicant pool. Your college essay is your opportunity to set yourself aside from the hundreds of applicants who will probably be submitting academic portfolios very similar to yours. The college application essay is a critical part of the admissions process.

Sample Short Essay About My Family

Sample Short Essay About My FamilyWriting a sample short essay about my family can be difficult. I am sure you have seen them at the local community college, and many of them are long winded, difficult to understand and filled with family gossip. Sure, they can help motivate you to do well on your college essays, but is that really what you are there for? The right sample essay for your family can help you focus and organize your thoughts and feelings on this important family topic.Many people want to know how to write a great essay on a family member or friend, but they don't know where to begin. What if you could take a short essay about your family and make it more personal and easy to understand? You might think this is impossible, but this is really a reality and a simple way to motivate yourself to do better in your college essay.Writing a short essay about your family member will allow you to provide an inside look into your own family. You will gain insight into your siblings and parents. How do you deal with conflict, and do you have a good support system? The ability to use family traits and experiences to write an essay helps you see things from a different perspective. You might not always agree with what your parents say or do, but you still love them, and they probably love you.There are many places to find a sample short essay about my family. You can go online and request the forms. You may also want to visit your local college or university. They usually have samples available for everyone to download. However, you will probably have to pay for this service, which will cost you money.Your local library can also provide you with a sample short essay about your family. Unfortunately, most of the books have the same types of topics. Books on school, family and other subjects are very common. However, you may want to consider using a college bookstore or an information center. These locations have a wide variety of different subjects that are suita ble for writing an essay about your family.A forum can also be a good source of information. The forums are based around a specific topic and the topics vary from year to year. If you spend some time looking around, you will likely find one that is suitable for you. However, the only drawback to using these types of places is that you may not get a good response.If you really want to learn how to write a good essay about your family, then try taking classes about family and social issues. You can attend a class that is focused on families, such as a Human Family Studies class. You can also attend a class in education about family. These types of classes are also great for a college student.In conclusion, writing a sample short essay about your family is easy when you know how to write an essay on a family member. If you have a family that is in any way related to yours, you will want to know how to write a great essay about your family.

Educational Policy

Introduction Education usually takes place in many forms depending on the purpose through the many institutions. Educational policy is meant to guide reforms or programmes in the education system of a nation or an institution. Education policy therefore is a collection of laws as well as rules intended to govern the processes of an education system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since education policy affects the education outcome of those involved in the education system, the areas of debate in an education policy normally include the curricular content; teaching content as well as graduation requirements among other areas (Stevenson 2060, 21). Many countries have always come up with new education policies with an aim of reforming particular areas of their education system. For example, the National Curriculum education reform act of 1988 in England led to th e creation of a unified and balanced curriculum (Stevenson 2060, 49). The education policy analysis seeks to find the answers to questions on the purpose of the policy as well as the objectives it is supposed to achieve. The analysis also involves methods of attaining the objectives and the benchmarks for measuring the success or failure of the programme. In the United Arab Emirates, it is mandatory for private schools to teach Muslim pupils Islamic education (United Arab Emirates (a) 2007). This law was adopted in 1972 (Daair 1987, 15) and became permanent in 1996 (United Arab Emirates (b) 2000). It was mainly advocated for by the native Muslim groups and the political class considering that larger majority of the population in the country are Muslims. This is compulsory to all the types of schools that exist in UAE including the public, Arabic private as well as the foreign private schools. The course is compulsory to all learners up to grade 12 and the curriculum is decided upon by the ministry of education. It is compulsory to all Muslim pupils including those who speak Arabic and those who do not; however, it is optional for non-Muslims. The language of instruction is Arabic except for the non-Arab students who are taught Islamic Education through English medium (Ali 2010). The aim of teaching Islamic education to all Muslim learners is to enable them acquire Islamic culture and principles. They are also taught how to worship. This is meant to improve their understanding of the Islamic religion.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the Ministry of Education and Youth’s second goal, they aim to reinforce the national, Arab as well as Islamic feeling. It also aims to strengthen cultural identity among the Muslim individuals. The Ministry of education and Youth supervises and provides guidelines to the program (Gardner 1995, 289). In Article 3 o f the Ministry of Education and Youth policy regarding the compulsory subjects in UAE schools, it is a requirement that any private school that has an Arab Muslim student provides Islamic education to the student(s) using books recommended by the Ministry. They are mandated by the Ministry of Education and Youth to teach 3 lessons of Islamic studies per week to pupils between grade one and three after which they provide a minimum of two lessons per week up to grade 12. The timetable for teaching Islamic studies is well structured in the curriculum and each lesson takes 30 minutes. The non-Arabic students’ timetable begins on Sunday through to Thursday while that of the Arabic students begin on Monday through to Thursday. According to the Board of the Knowledge and Human Development Authority in Dubai (2009)private schools in the UAE are not permitted to allow Muslim learners to attend any religious classes except for the Islamic religion classes. Besides, Muslim learners in p rivate schools are not allowed to participate in activities related to non-Islamic religious classes. Policy analysis Lack of balance in the policy The purpose for the implementation of the policy is good as it ensures continuity of Muslim culture, traditions and principles across generations. However, in implementing the programme, the stakeholders of the UAE education system did not balance the curriculum. Non-Muslim learners always have unnecessary free time during learning periods each time there is Islamic studies. The policy did not consider the religious diversity in the UAE schools. In many countries, including both Christian and Muslim countries, religious education is provided and made compulsory to the learners, but is made part of the curriculum and drawn in the timetable as religious studies so that during that time all learners can be taught their respective religious studies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Policy specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some countries such England teaches religious education that integrates contents from different religions. This ensures that no learner is left idle during the learning periods and also ensures that each learner acquires knowledge and experience about his or her religion, culture and traditions. Considering that only 20% of the population are UAE natives while the rest comprise of people from different nations from all the continents and that the country was colonized by the British, the education authorities, stakeholders and the ministry should be aware of the multi-religious setting in the schools. According to the Ministry of Education’s ninth goal, it aims to diversify educational opportunities to learners in regards to the teachers’ capabilities (United Arab Emirates (b) 2000). By implementing and making Islamic education compulsory to all Muslim learners and leaving out the non-Muslim learners, it co ntradicts its diversification goal. Providing Islamic education to Muslim learners while offering no option to the other religions is discriminative, and contravenes its fifth goal which aims at ensuring equal education opportunities for everyone (United Arab Emirates (b) 2000). Lack of involvement The development process of the education policy did not involve all stakeholders of education particularly in the formulation of the policy and the education programme. It only involved few elite, the political class, Islamic radicals and the religious leaders. The private schools including the foreign private schools were not involved in the formulation process, yet they are the ones implementing the programme. The private schools have been fighting for a long time to be included in formulation of policies and in decision making of important educational issues that affect education in the country (United Arab Emirates (a) 2007). This means that they do not perfectly understand the object ives to be achieved by implementing the programme. The implementation processes can only be successful if those mandated to implement the program clearly understand the expectations of the formulator. They therefore know the inputs and what they are supposed to contribute to the programme implementation to achieve the expectations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The involvement of programme implementers in the formulation process makes them understand why and how the outputs are supposed to deliver the educational outcomes sought for. Since the private schools were not involved in the policy-making process, they really do not feel to be part of the programme. Some private schools may therefore just provide the programme because it is in the curriculum and not bother whether they are achieving the goals set by the Ministry of Education and Youth or not. Inadequate supervision and lack of commitment Implementation of the programme has not been perfectly taken care of by the Ministry of Education and Youth. Not all private schools strictly follow the provisions in the curriculum. The implementation process has not taken the same route as is expected by the ministry. Some schools, especially the foreign private schools which teach different curriculums such as the British National Curriculum provide only one lesson a week for Islamic studies wh ile others provide the normal number of lessons required. The total time for each lesson also differ depending on the curriculum of the school. This implies that the ministry does not properly supervise the implementation process of the programme since according to the law, the lessons are supposed to be uniform because they are using the same curriculum. Such problems or issues that occur during the implementation process can always be realized through supervision and a proper solution to the problem put into action. On the other hand, Muslim children lag behind in other subjects since the timetable was drawn without consulting those in charge of the education processes in these private schools. This made it difficult for some foreign private schools to fix their timetables to fit the teaching of Islamic studies. The ministry drew the timetable and they took it as it is and implemented it without changing the arrangements in their timetables. Muslim children in these private school s therefore have to miss other important lessons including literacy classes to attend Islamic studies. They are sometimes withdrawn from Science, Mathematics or even Physical Education classes to attend the classes. These schools are more keen on following their curriculum and therefore do not find it necessary to integrate Islamic studies within their school curriculum or timetable since they do not understand the need for creating time for the subject within the timetable. This shows lack of commitment by some of these foreign private schools and really contravenes the Ministry of Education and Youth’s policy that requires that Islamic studies be integrated in the school curriculum and be treated as an important subject. It means that Muslim children attend Islamic studies but have to gamble with other subjects. According to United Arab Emirates (a) (2007) Muslim students have to attend Islamic studies since the ministry only authenticates their certificates after providing proof of having learnt Islamic studies as well as Arabic as first their language. The inability of the Ministry of Education and Youth to correct the behavior of these schools that undermine the policy deprives the Muslim children of their learning opportunities and yet according to the goals of the ministry of education, providing for equal educational opportunities is their duty. Foreign private schools that only provide for one lesson per week of Islamic studies equally do not treat the subject as important. Considering that the syllabus is the same and the goals of teaching the subject remains uniform across the country, providing for just one lesson per week is undermines the spirit of the policy and the curriculum. It becomes difficult to complete the syllabus meaning that it is not possible to achieve the general goals of the subject. The Muslim students are therefore denied the opportunity to acquire important Islamic teachings as most of what they are taught in these schoo ls are just highlights of the real content provided for in the syllabus. Since the knowledge is not reinforced as there is little time for teaching the subject, Muslim learners do not really comprehend the contents learnt. The management of these schools is also not much concerned with evaluation of learning of the subject. The ministry does not emphasize more on internal evaluation of the learners to check their progress in the subject in relation to the set goals since the schools are only inspected ones per year (Dubai Schools 2011). To them, Islamic studies is taught because it is a requirement by the government and not because it is supposed to benefit learners. This behavior continues in these schools even though the ministry is in charge of supervision of these schools. Instructional methods and media The instructional methods involved in teaching Islamic studies is excellent as it takes care of age of the learners and the system also acknowledges that the Muslim learners are from different linguistic backgrounds. The teaching methods involving lecturing of learners and learners are allowed to ask and answer questions concerning the religion. The teachers may also invite Islamic leaders to provide more insight into the religion. However, the programme does not take of care Muslim learners who do not speak Arabic or English. Although Arabic language is a compulsory subject in UAE curriculum, it may take quite sometime probably a few years before a learner is able to communicate in the language. There are no bilingual teachers to provide Islamic education to such learners. Conclusion The education policy in the UAE making it compulsory for private schools to provide Islamic education to any Muslim learner in the school has good intentions. However, the policy-making process, implementation and evaluation have not been very inclusive. The programme seems to have been imposed on these schools as most of them are not committed to implementing it. Besides, th e Ministry of Education and Youth does not provide thorough supervision to the implementation process providing loopholes for some foreign private schools to ignore the rules of the UAE curriculum. Reference List Ali, M., M., 2010, Islamic studies. Web. Daair, S., 1987, Education in the United Arab Emirates and the Islamic value- system. Muslim Education Quarterly 5: 15-35. Dubai: Gulf Press. Dubai Schools, 2011. Schools in Sharjah. Web. Gardner, W., E., 1995, Developing a quality teaching force for the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Education for Teaching 21 (3): 289-312. Abu Dhabi: Paragan International Publishers. Stevenson, H., 2006, Education policy: Process, themes and impact. London: Les Bell Publisher. P. 21. The Board of the Knowledge and Human Development Authority in Dubai, 2009, Order no. (1) of 2009 amending order no. (1) of 2007. Web. United Arab Emirates (a), 2007, School agency gets commitment from schools. Web. United Arab Emirates (b), 2000. Report: Part III: Pr ospects and required changes. Web. This essay on Educational Policy was written and submitted by user Maya Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Educational Policy Human engagements have been characterized by rules and guidelines for a long period of time now. The processes involved in the setting out of these regulations take different forms and may vary from one country to another depending on how people are expected to interact and address the various challenges that may arise. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The guidelines are usually referred to as public policies since they are expected to provide general direction to the members of the public and to ensure social order (May, 2001). The process of formulating, formalization and implementation has proved to be a daunting task since each sector in the society has its own unique policies (Cockrel, 2004). Different stakeholders in the society that may be affected by the policies must be engaged in one way or another in the public policy formulation process. The essay s eeks to discuss and rate the influence of the legislative bodies, leadership, the justice system, as well as the bureaucracy on the formulation and implementation of educational policies. It will briefly discuss the general pattern in the public policy-making process. The influence of other entities, for instance interest groups, political parties, and the media will also be considered. Public policy-making process is a product of interactions as well as dynamics among different actors, interest groups, public and private institutions and other technical processes preceding the enactment and interpretation of any public policy. Numerous definitions of policy and policy-making process have been used depending on the context. For the purposes of this essay, a policy shall be defined as either an explicit or implicit decision or decisions made by a group that lays out the instructions for guiding the subsequent decisions, regulate actions, or monitoring prior decisions reached (Ben-Pe retz, 2008). The process of making policies, therefore, varies in complexity as well as scope and the dynamics involved must be acknowledged. A number of models have been designed to provide a general format followed in the process of formulating a given public policy. The stages involved are well sequenced from the primary level to the ultimate enactment, implementation and interpretation of the policies (Schmidt, Shelly Crain, 2009). There are five major components in any of these models and they include; problem advocacy, the opponents, the concerned authorities, the implementation, and interpretation/evaluation of the given public policy (Cockrel, 2004). The first step is the problem identification phase which involves the definition of the issue at hand that the policy will seek to address. This can be done by the concerned/line authorities, institutions, or activists. The advocates of a specified issue will raise people’s awareness and hence recruiting more of them in to their course. The target number of people depends on the scope of the problem and the anticipated policy. Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next step involves the proposal of available alternatives for addressing the problems or conditions at hand. These proposals will provide a frame of action in alleviating the identified crisis. The third phase is the identification of appropriate authorities that will engineer the process of policy formulation. The concerned authorities will appoint/design a committee to investigate the problem and establish the magnitude. It will also be expected to offer a refined list of recommendations for addressing the crisis. The authorities play a central role in determining the progress of the process because they can choose to take the proposals or decline to act. In order to keep the process moving, the advocates continue with the popularization process to gain a wider support from the members of the public. The public mood has been found to be a great determinant of the success in any major public reforms (Denhardt, 2008). The process of advocacy usually encounters opposition of almost equal magnitude and hence defining another force. The model acknowledges the role of opposition since it plays a significant role in the entire process of policy formation and implementation (Cockrel, 2004). The opposition camp may emerge at any particular stage and the sequence parallels that of the policy advocates. In most cases, the stages are similar since the opponents may emerge right at the first phase of problem identification, then proposals to counter those of the advocates are made and served to the appropriate authorities. After submitting their alternatives, the opponents will seek to expand their support base to rally against the advocates for policy formation. The fifth phase is composed of three sections; decision by the au thority, implementation, and evaluation. The concerned government authority and the policy makers engage in extensive deliberations with an aim of weighing the situation at hand (Cockrel, 2004). It is at this sub-stage that conflicts/oppositions and dilemmas emerge resulting in shifts in balance between major stakeholders like powerful people and activist groups in the society. According to Ben-Peretz, these encounters may lead to either the implementation or decline of the proposed policy (2008). With successful negotiations and compromise among the concerned parties, the line authority issues a final decision on the policy. It is important to note that the sequences listed above provide just a general trend but it does not outline a strict step by step format to be followed (Denhardt, 2008). Once the new policy is enacted it becomes publicly binding and the next stage is its implementation. It will be the responsibility of the authorities to monitor the implementation of the poli cy. There are two methods through which the policy can be implemented. The first is the revolutionary method where there is immediate transformation of an organization or institution following a top-down format (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach is common in cases where the problem is identified by the authorities themselves. The other method is the evolutionary mode which normally results in a slow bottom-up transformation of the institution’s working pattern. The effectiveness of any policy is in its interpretations. Since all policies are developed to address specific problems, they ought to be evaluated for efficiency and relevance. This is done in the last stage of evaluating the implemented policy. The evaluation process is usually done by the stakeholders; the advocates, opponents, or other interest groups. Formal methods of evaluation which include the collection of data and their analysis are usually employed. Alternatively, informal approaches like the subjective evaluation of citizens’ opinions about the new policy may be used (Schmidt et al., 2009). The findings from the evaluation stage will be used in gauging the general performance of the policy and the necessary changes effected accordingly. As evidenced by the preceding discussion, the process of formulating and implementing any public policy involves several parties who may either be in agreement or holding different opinions about a given policy. In the formulation and implementation of an educational policy, a number of parties are usually at the center of the deliberations (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Some of the stakeholders may include; the legislative bodies, the leadership, the justice system, and the bureaucracy (Dye, 2002). Other influential parties are the interest/activist groups, political parties, and the media. It is c lear that education takes many different forms for varying intentions and in many institutions. There is the early childhood education, first to twelfth grade studies, between two to four year college or university education, postgraduate and professional studies, pedagogical education as well as training for a specific job. This implies that education policies affect people across all ages and sectors related to education (Cockrel, 2004). In the process of formulating educational policies for schools, issues such as the size of the school, student-teacher ratio, school control-either private or public, teacher training and certification, teaching approaches, nature of curricular and the content, qualifications for graduation, investment in infrastructural development, and the ethical values that schools are expected to observe(Dye, 2002). The different parties have quite a significant difference when it comes to influencing the policy formulation and implementation process. The po wer of the legislative bodies like the members of government such as presidents or the Ministers of Education really play a central role in determining the fate of proposed educational policies (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are expected to ensure the formulation and enactment of good policies that will ensure both economic and social progress among the people. The legislature may be regarded as one of the most influential in the formulation of educational policies as well as their implementation and evaluation (Silver, 1990). The legislative bodies are responsible for the enactment of rules and regulations that monitor educational practices at virtually all levels of government authorities. The legislature provides educational guidelines that are implemented in a top-down sequence since the policies are formulated by highly trained and skilled people. Normally, the legislative branches include the city councils, state legislature, or the Congress. In some situations, the legislative may be an executive agency or a court. Understanding how the legislative bodies work in the formulation and implementation of educational policies is very important. The members are responsible for the identification of a given problem or condition that need to be addressed. A committee of experts is constituted and charged with the responsibility of investigating the problem and to make appropriate recommendations (Denhardt, 2008). The investigators collect different people’s opinions and analyze them before arriving at the recommendations. Within a specified period of time, the committee avails its findings to the legislative bodies for consideration. It is at this stage that the legislature may opt to adopt the recommendations or decline to act on them. The final decision is then declared to the public for implementation. The new policies have clear steps for their implementation. The process of effecting the changes may be either long term (evolutionary mode) or within a short period of time which is also referred to as the revolutionary mode of implementation (Ben-Peretz, 2008). In most cases, policies released to the public as legislative decrees or by executive orders are normall y expected to be implemented with minimal resistance. Another influence of the legislature is in the fact that they are also the ones who receive the proposals from the advocates for change in the educational sector. However, given the numerous number of stakeholders in the education sector, some educational policies may be rejected and hence hampering with the implementation stage. Moreover, legislative bodies are in direct control of government’s educational resources and may influence their distribution. Availing the resources may hasten the policy implementation process (Wilson, 2008). The legislative bodies at different levels of the society exert proportionate power on the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The role of state legislature, for instance, is to review the policies in educational institutions and agencies and may issue orders for policy improvement. Any issues and problems arising from the educational sector are part of the agenda for t he legislative bodies (Ben-Peretz, 2008). It is also evident that the legislatures respond to natural disasters, research findings, and other crises in education and trigger the formulation of appropriate policies. The other source of influence of the legislative bodies is the fact that they are acknowledged as public decision-making organs (Wilson, 2008). They are therefore responsible for making the final decisions or policy choice with reference to the alternatives proposed by other stakeholders in the educational sector. They have to harmonize the often competing interests and opinions from the different actors in education. Once they have formulated a given educational policy, the legislative bodies forward the new policy to the executive agencies which will facilitate their implementation (Wilson, 2008). When the legislators are forced to determine policies by voting, they would always be guided by the wishes of their constituents. The legislature holds a central role since they can assign duties, even to the executive by legislation. Although the legislative bodies have been demonstrated to wield a lot of power in the policy formulation process, they do not have direct influence when it comes to the implementation of the new policies/laws (Schmidt et al., 2009). Other government agencies will be monitoring the implementation of the prescribed educational policies. The legislative bodies are therefore very effective in influencing educational policy formation, particularly during the formulation stage. The second party that has influence on educational policy formulation and implementation process is the society’s leadership. The work of a leader is to have a vision of the future together with its associated challenges and to define and lead the way towards a brighter course. In this respect, leaders of organizations, educational institutions, and political parties, among others must be in a position to identify issues and problems in the socie tal sectors (Wilson, 2008). They also propose alternative ways of addressing the problems and forwarding them to the legislative bodies for consideration. The president as the leader of the states or a country has inherent discretionary powers to influence the policy formulation and implementation process. Most national leaders in the world have been known to influence the policies affecting education, and mostly through executive orders. They champion the legislation of appropriate policies that will bring meaningful transformation to the education sector (Silver, 1990). Furthermore, governors, city managers, and mayors in most states and cities have overwhelming discretionary policy-making power. These leadership positions are elective and hence carry with it some public good will necessary to identify issues and problems as well as recommend solutions on their behalf (Wilson, 2008). This implies that the leaders will strive to ensure the enactment of universal access to basic ed ucation policy, subsidized higher education, guidelines for proper teacher training, as well as policies for adult education. Leaders seeking elective positions usually have well written manifestos of how they will address societal problems, educational challenges included (Silver, 1990). Once they are elected, they are faced with the challenge of fulfilling the promises and hence they formulate policies for legislation purposes. During the advocacy for a given transformation in the education sector, there is usually a leader who motivates people to agitate for the formation and implementation of policies. In order to give the necessary support to express the seriousness of their call, the leader recruits more people from the society so as to overcome any opposition forces that may emerge (Ben-Peretz, 2008). Moreover, the leaders are usually in charge of committees and other decision-making groups and they will determine the general course of action in the policy formulation and i mplementation process. Depending on the nature of the new educational policy, leadership greatly influences the implementation process since they command respect from the people (Dye, 2002). In situations where unpopular policies are enacted, the same leaders will curtail the implementation process. Hence leadership plays a central role when it comes to the general process of educational policy formation and implementation (Cockrel, 2004). It is therefore apparent to note that leadership has such a significant degree of influence on the process of formulating and implementing educational policies. Further analysis of the forces that shape and influence the formulation and implementation of educational policies reveals that the justice system has great impact on the process. The role of the courts is usually to solve conflicts that may arise among different members of the society. It is not easy to acknowledge the contribution of the courts towards policy formulation and implementa tion in most sectors (Dye, 2002). During the initial phase of advocacy, opposition may emerge and depending on the extent of impact of the anticipated policy, those opposed may opt to move to court to halt the advocacy. With the judge as the decision-maker, he or she may give new directions that would shape the course of the agitation process hence contributing indirectly to the policy formulation process. This is reinforced by the fact that there will always be competing formulations of policies forcing the participants to want to seek the intervention of the courts (Wilson, 2008). The decisions made by the judiciary have been found to have far reaching consequences on the educational policy formulation and implementation. The most significant influences of the courts are mainly felt when it comes to the implementation of a given educational policy. This is because there are more conflicts at the implementation phase compared to the formulation stage (Denhardt, 2008). Some of the well-known examples include the civil rights cases which are sponsored by the court, particular in cases related to racial discrimination and abuse of labor force. In such a situation, the accused and the complainant act as the participants in the policy formulation and implementation while the judge is the final decision-maker (Wilson, 2008). In most instances, the court may rule against one proposal and approve a new set of policies hence participating in the implementation process. The courts have the authority to analyze any educational policy that has any unconstitutional clauses. They can also promulgate new sets of policies with adherence to the principles outlined in the constitution. This demonstrates the influence of the judicial system in the formulation of public policies, particularly educational policies. Instances that lead people to the court include conflicts involving two institutions, individuals against organizations, individuals against associations/groups, an d among individuals. The complainant will be seeking assistance from the court on the proper interpretation of the educational policy at hand (May, 2001). This implies that the role of the courts in the formulation and implementation process cannot be ignored. The fourth significant influential party in the formulation and implementation of educational policies is the governmental bureaucracies. They comprise of the civil/government employees who work in the different levels of the society and help in the formulation and implementation of government policies (Silver, 1990). Most of them occupy leadership positions and are able to influence the process of policy development. Since they handle issues that may arise from the educational sector, they can easily identify problems in education that need to be addressed by the development of a policy (Dye, 2002). They are also well placed to receive backing from the people because they are recognized as part of the authority. The bureaucr acies are such a strong force in policy formulation and implementation because they consist of experts. They assist the government in making informed policies by designing appropriate policy proposals (Wilson, 2008). The formulation phase, therefore, will be quite easier since it may take a bottom-up trend and hence increasing the chances of a strong support and subsequent implementation of the policy. In some states, the senior most government workers can issue orders that take the form of policies and ensure that they are observed. The state/federal government may also take recommendations from the members of the bureaucracy and use them to create new education policies (Wilson, 2008). Some transformations in the education sector like the need to review the system requires the advice of experts who can evaluate the significance of the policies before they are implemented. The most significant role of the bureaucracies comes in handy when it comes to the implementation phase of th e educational policy. When top government authorities pass new policies, they expect that they will be effectively implemented by their subordinates (Ben-Peretz, 2008). The task of implementation, however, may prove to be really challenging especially when it extends down to the lowest level of the society. Since most policies are developed by top government officials, they become easier to implement since they are usually passed on in a top-down approach. The bureaucracies facilitate representation of the government at all levels of the society. They monitor the enforcement of the new policies depending on the preferred mode of implementation. Within the educational sector, the implementation of policies is greatly influenced by other agencies in the society apart from the main implementing agency (Ben-Peretz, 2008). The bureaucracy therefore will have to coordinate this sensitive stage. In most cases, they do not force the people to obey the policies, instead, they put into consi deration personal concerns, difficulties, the members of the society, as well as other interests (Denhardt, 2008). Most government bureaucracies, therefore, hold crucial information in the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The authority bestowed upon them helps in overcoming the influence of political forces especially those who may object the new policies (Wilson, 2008). In some states, most of the government agents are elected giving them an upper hand over the implementation of new government policies on education. The bureaucracies control and regulate other policy makers in their territories like members of school boards as well as of city councils and local governments (Silver, 1990). They are responsible for the analysis of problems, formulation of policies, and monitoring their implementation and evaluation. These depict the degree of influence that the bureaucracies have over the formulation and implementation of educational policies. The above four m ajor parties at the center of the formulation and implementation of educational policies seem to wield uniquely significant influence on the process. Since each of them have the discretion to agree with the others or to hold differing opinions, there is need to always reach a consensus when it comes to issues affecting a wider section of the society (Dye, 2002). Most of the actors may remain adamant when it comes to sticking to their perspectives but the process of formulating policies will exhibit success especially when the policy provides for new ways of improving the education sector. Challenges of implementation may however be difficult to avoid but the opposition may also end up improving the quality of the policy through reviews (Cockrel, 2004). In this context, therefore, it is not easy to rate chronologically the influence of the different entities on the formulation and implementation of the various educational policies. Their varying degrees of influence are situational and may compliment each other in ensuring the successful formulation and implementation of policies. There are a number of other significant stakeholders in the education sector who play important roles in determining the success of the educational policies. Interest groups such as teachers unions and parents’ associations may be complimentary when it comes to both the formulation and implementation of a given education policy (Schmidt et al., 2009). These groups may greatly help the primary implementing agency in achieving its goals as well as the objectives of the policy. Some of the nongovernmental agencies may be affected by the new policies. Their conventional ways of operations may need to be changed as a result of the new policies. With these requirements, the interest groups may support the implementation or totally resist the policies especially if their opinions were not sought during the policy formulation stage. Moreover, the government provisions affecting such a sensitive field in the society as the school system will always receive extensive scrutiny from the members of the public. Any failure to take this consideration may result in difficulty when it comes to the implementation process. Significant resistance from these quarters will force the review of the policies before they are eventually re-implemented. This implies that organized groups of people can exert pressure on the implementing agency to make the necessary alterations to the policies (May, 2001). The other important actors in the formulation and implementation of public policies are the political parties. Political parties are always at cross-roads when it comes to advocacy for the different policies. As they seek election into government, different parties present their manifesto/agenda for the people. They accomplish this task by highlighting all the reforms that they intend to bring in the various sectors of the society (Schmidt et al., 2009). They may also resort to criticizing the existing educational policies. The number of registered political parties is usually large. For instance, two major ones (Republican and Democratic) in the US normally exchange the national leadership roles. This periodic alternation of leadership has influenced the formulation and implementation of educational policies in most states. The public media also plays a central role in the formulation and implementation of most public policies. The media can help in popularizing a given policy among the members of the society and hence gaining the approval necessary for its implementation (Ben-Peretz, 2008). In some cases, the proposed educational policy may be perceived to have far reaching negative impacts if implemented. The media will therefore influence people’s opinions of the same resulting in implementation difficulty. Given the non-interactive nature of the media, people may easily end up developing negative attitudes towards a given policy on education. Therefore, the media just like the other stakeholders can have such a significant influence on the entire process of formulating and implementing the educational policies (May, 2001). The essay has focused on the complex concept of parties involved in the formulation and implementation of educational policies and how each influences the process. The four major actors identified are; the legislative bodies, the leadership, the judiciary, and the government bureaucracy. Other stakeholders discussed include the media, political parties, and the various interest groups. The essay has also highlighted a general model that can be used to illustrate stages through which public policy formation may take. However, the format is not fixed or meant to be followed in a step by step manner. Instead, it captures the basic processes involved and may take any order. For instance, formation may come after the evaluation of a given policy for purposes of improving the provisions of the policy. It c an be concluded that the various parties and actors in the formulation and implementation of educational policy can influence the process in their own special way. However, it may not be easy to categorize all of them in the order of degree of influence, particularly the first four parties. References Ben-Peretz, M. (2008). Policy-making in education: a holistic approach in response to global changes. Rowman Littlefield Plc. Cockrel, J. (2004). Public Policy-making in America. University of Kentucky Press Denhardt, R. B. (2008). Theories of public organization (5th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth Dye, T. R. (2002). Understanding public policy. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall May, P. (2001). â€Å"Reconsidering Policy Design: The Policies and Publics.† Journal of  Public Policy Process, 4 (2), 186-209 Schmidt, S. W., Shelly, M. C. Crain, E. (2009). American Government and Politics: a  focus on public policy formation. Cengage Learning Silver, H. (1990). Education, change, and the policy process. Taylor Francis Wilson, R. H. (2008). Public policy and community: activism and governance. University of Texas Press This essay on Educational Policy was written and submitted by user Leah Workman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.