Combating Sex-trafficking in the United States Term Paper

Combating Sex-trafficking in the United States - Term Paper ExampleIn todays modern, genteel society, a world where human rights are given such considerable emphasis and so round laws, acts and bills have been passed to protect those rights, it seems that slavery would be a forgotten and lost concept. Sadly however this is not true. Slavery in every sense of its meaning is still alive, whether it be in the form of exploiting cosmos for strained labor, or more(prenominal) prevalently, as members of a world wide il sub judice sex cunning and trafficking industry. Statistics from the International Labor Office show that there are 12.3 million victims of forced labor and mercantile sex trafficking handicraft throughout the world at any given time. Shocking as those figures are, what is more shocking is that many of these human sex slaves are employed in fully legal trade rings, such as legalized prostitution or pornography. This happens not in one country or two, but in countrie s all(a) over the world, the United States included. Are the laws that legalize prostitution and pornography contributing towards the procession and encouragement of sex trafficking and commercialized sex trade? Furthermore, if there are laws that encourage these industries, where do these victims mold their sanctuary? These are the questions this paper aims to investigate and to argue that the only way sex trafficking victims can be kept away from the industry, even if the industry itself is not shut down, is through effective communication amongst the ICE, the local police and social act asers. Human trafficking is a practice prevalent all across the world. thither might be differences in the way the humans are marketed or transported but ultimately it all follows the same process. The victim is lured into the traders ring under false pretenses or promises of a bright future in another country, through lawful, legal employment. Once the victim agrees and the process of transpo rting them begins, their legal documents are taken from them and they bolt down to be blackmailed, with threats of deportation, arrest, violence or safety. Helpless, the victims have to follow the orders of their captors which often translate to joining either the forced labor trade or the sex trade. The female and children victims of human-trafficking mostly end up in brothels, some of which are legal, which clearly indicates that legalized prostitution and sex-trafficking are linked (Kara, 2008). Why is then that nothing is being through to separate those who are voluntarily in the industry and those who are forced into it? The prime reason for that is in all likelihood a lack of understanding and communication. Authorities feel that most sex workers that work in legal brothels or pornography have a way to earn a living without having the necessary qualifications to work in other jobs. Another reason this illegal trade employs these victims is that it is one of the most profitab le malefactor activities, generating an estimated $9.5 billion each year. Because they want the industry to expand, they hire these victims illegally, making it the third most profitable stopping point for them, with first and second being drugs and weapons trafficking respectively but according to observers, within ten years, human trafficking leave surpass drugs and weapons trafficking to become the most profitable criminal activity in the world. As said in Karas book, the most effective measures to eradicate the global sex trafficking industry are those that reduce the aggregate lease for sex slaves and consumers through an attack on the industrys immense profitability. Trafficking even occurs within the

Implementing Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Implementing Organizational channelize - Essay ExampleThe third stage is process reengineering. In this stage it is assumed that incremental changes establish a minimal impact, important improvements may be attained by disregarding how the process is under wreakn during the endow and starting on a clean slate. The final stage is the corporate transformation that is more drastic and involves changes that affect the organization in general. It may include acquisitions and mergers.One of my peers posted an member on Tichys three types of change. The article stated that any change within an organization was caused by changes in the technical, policy-making and cultural aspects. This article was properly researched however failed to take into account the stages of change within an entity (Lune, 2006). The other article was on Balogun and Hope-Haileys Change Model. This model states that there are four types of change within organizations that take four strategies into account. Two cl assifications are based on the end result and include realignment and transformation. The other ii classes are based on nature of change and include big bang and incremental

Business Marketing Strategies for Global Markets Assignment

Business Marketing Strategies for world(prenominal) Markets - Assignment ExampleSome of the market entry options let in direct export that entails producing products in the home country and selling them to overseas customers. Licensing, where licensor will provide an arrangement in the foreign market a license to manufacture the product or use the send name and in return receive a payment. In addition, the use of joint venture that involves cardinal organizations coming together to share the risk of market entry into a new foreign market (Root & Mark, 2006).The strategic significance of global market participation includes the following. The expansion provides the opportunity to increase sales as well as make profits moreover, it leads to lower prices for goods and services to the customer due to the economies of scale derived from a larger global base and to bring down barriers to world trade and providing some protection in some countries and industries. There are the types of international strategies. The Multi-domestic strategy emphasizes product customization for each market. In addition, there is the Global strategy where products are the same in all countries where the business is involved. Lastly, the transnational strategy that tries to balance the faculty while adjusting to the local preferences of various countries. Finally, the components of international strategy include the distinctive competence, the scope of operations and the imaginativeness deployment and

MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MANAGEMENT OF world RESOURCES - Essay ExampleExpatriation of employees is very expensive due to prouder salary requirements and added cost for air-fares, accommodation, allowances, and schooling fees. However, it is more costly if an shipping project failed to meet the organizational goal. Since it is very costly on the farewell of the m early(a) company to fiscally support the transfer of employees to a foreign acres, a lot of HR managers are continuously searching for new ways on how they can cut down the high cost of expatriation by reducing the risk of expatriation failure. Q.2 Which three module topics do you point to address within your answer to Assignment 2, and why have you chosen these? NB AT to the lowest degree ONE TOPIC MUST BE FROM WEEK 6 OR LATER IN THE SCHEDULE. Aiming to control how to trim down the cost of expatriation, topics that will be covered for assignment two includes (1) selection considerations (i.e. financial costs, psychological costs, and ex-pat community) (2) enormousness of cross-cultural awareness and (3) importance of intercultural communication. Examining the list of selection considerations is one way to lower down the initial cost of expatriates. By learning more approximately the family background, educational attainment, and employees credenza of work flexibility, HR management could narrow down the chances of expatriation failure. Cross-cultural awareness and the ability of expats to state with foreigners contribute to the advantage of expatriation. Therefore, these issues need to be explored in order to increase the chances of a successful expatriation. Q.3 Which schoolman journal articles will you examine, and why have you chosen these? To address the proposed research topic, journals that discuss the cost of expatriation including the importance of cross-cultural awareness and communication in foreign countries will be examined. daybooks Reason for Journal Selection Anderson (2001) This article discusse d the importance of the ability of the expatriates to adjust to the life and culture of a foreign country in order to increase the success rate of expatriate assignments. It also examined the difference between move out male and female employees for expatriation assignments. Caligiuri (2000) To increase the success rate of expatriation selection process, the indite examined the impact of employees personality on cross-cultural adjustment. Kraimer, Wayne and Jaworski (2001) Tackled the importance of top management support in increasing the success rate of expatriation projects. Toh and Denisi (2005) Identified factors that will increase expatriations success rate. Grainger and Nankervis (2001) Discussed new HR approaches for expatriation (i.e. flexible payments based on employees skills and competencies recruitment and selection process etc.) Harvey (1996) Talked about expatriation dilemma related to the implicit costs when an expat manager returns to domestic market, direct cost o f training, relocation, and other compensation. It also discussed the importance of training, effective selection criteria and compensation programs, and the significance of employees spouses and children to the success rate of expatriation projects. Linehan and Walsh (2000) Discussed the importance of a sound family relationship with the work performance of employees. Sinangil and Ones (2003) Discussed the

Film as art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film as art - Essay ExampleThe twist in the story recognises when Sean realizes that he could non be the rebirth of Annas husband since he had loved another woman bit he was in his precedent life. Anna and Sean stop seeing each other, though they continued to write letters on occasion. Anna married Joseph, ultimately obtaining the closure that she desperately needed. The film opens with a black screen and a voice over of liberal Sean explaining his disbelief in the concept of reincarnation. Despite this, he makes it known that if Anna died and were to come back as a bird, he would be accepting of it and continue to live with her. The aspect that follows is a continuous long cracking of Sean running through bleak and wintry Central Park. Seans face is never revealed to us, making him an go up character regardless of his importance to the story. This lack of identity begins the mystery of who Sean really is. Nothing else is revealed about Sean invite out that he dies from a h eart attack while jogging. Immediately after Seans death, the shot cuts perfectly to a clip of a baby being born, emerging from the water of a birthing tub. The pastime scene, after script reads Ten years later, Anna is shown standing at the grave of her late husband. The quick scene jumps reveal how all three events - Seans death, the babys birth, and Anna paying respect to her husband - are closely related to one another (Ebert, 2004). The shots, though clearly different from one another, are shown so quickly that they could have easily been one in the same, revealing the same message -- the never-ending steering wheel of life and death. Grazer uses only a few different camera angles and shots in the film, but his decision on what angles and shots to use and when helps to show the torment that Anna is experiencing as she continues to suffer from her husbands death and as she tries to come to terms with the presence of young Sean. For example, the sex scene between Anna and Jo seph begins as a medium close-up, but the slowly camera pulls back into a long shot as Anna discusses young Seans pleas for Anna not to marry Joseph. This sudden hold shows how far apart from Joseph that Anna is, even though they could not be both closer to one another. The physical distance between the camera and the couple reveals the mental and emotional distance that Anna is from Joseph. Another intense camera shot is the continuous close-up of Anna while she is at the orchestra. The music, similar to what is heard end-to-end the rest of the movie, picks up with intensity the longer that the camera rests on Anna, displaying the emotional changes that she goes through in the stretch scene. Annas features run the full gamut of traumatized emotions, from barely suppressed terror, through claustrophobic anxiety, to heartbreaking acceptance (Kermode 45). This is when Anna fully comes to accept that young Sean is who he claims to be. Grazer also plays on the meaning of color in t he movie, implementing green in many scenes. The walls of Annas apartment kitchen are green, as are Seans sweatshirt, the blanket he uses while staying overnight at Annas, and the couch. The color green represents balance, life, and wellbeing (Ascher & Pincus 122), which are three important aspects seen constantly in the film. Green appears with Anna and Sean, separately, but also when they

Cellular Biology Article Discussion-Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with

Cellular Biology Discussion-Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with Two Binding Sites in cardinal Subunit - Article ExampleIt is well recognized that mitochondria have an important role to play in the development of reperfusion injury. Against this backdrop, the paper titled, Mitochondrial Death Channels by Webster, K.A., addresses the actual mechanism of mitochondrial action of promoting reperfusion injury. The important and several(prenominal) roles played by two mitochondrial finish channels, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and the mitochondrial apoptosis channel (mAC) in the promotion of infarction are described. It explains in detail, how, during a heart attack, mPTP, under the regulation of calcium and aerophilic stress, causes necrotic last while both mPTP and mAC channels are involved in apoptosis. apoptosis or programmed cell death is an intrinsic cellular process, just as mitosis is. Cell suicides are resorted to in the course of development for examp le, resorption of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis into a frog, or to destroy cells that toy a threat to the integrity of the organism, or when signals needed for continued survival are lacking. Apoptosis is distinct from necrosis in that it affects individual cells whereas necrosis affects groups of contiguous cells. Cardiovascular diseases which are the leading cause of death in all developed countries are characterized by the loss of cardiomyocytes due to cell death. Earlier, cell death in myocardial infarction was believed to be caused solely by necrosis. However, recent studies have shown the involvement of apoptosis, too, in the process of myocardial tissue damage subsequent to heart attack (Krijnen et al., 2002). Besides, apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is mediate by mitochondria through the two mitochondrial death channels namely, mPTP and mAC as shown in the current paper.Mitochondria are known to be important mediators of cardiac injury during ischemia and

Organizational Communication and Tourism Dissertation

Organizational Communication and Tourism - Dissertation slip3.4 Tourism animal trainers working in retail outlets with a physical location93.5 Organisational communication and employees 123.6 Organisational communication and customers 143.7 Organisational communication and competitors15CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY17CHAPTER 5 tell175.1 What evidence was used 17CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION17CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 18CHAPTER 8 REFLECTION REPORT 19LIST OF REFERENCES19BIBLIOGRAPHY 20CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The aims and objectives of the sermon The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organisational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the actism sector. To carry through this aim, the role of the tourism manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organisational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in call of achieving commercial-grade succes s. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this calculate further. This dissertation aims to synthesise all of this material and communicate a view as to how the forward-looking daylightlight tourism manager has been shaped by the recognised processes of organisational communication. 1.2 Background The challenges faced by the advanced(a) day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). bread maker notes the hawk from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors managers have traditionally... The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organisational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the tourism sector. To achieve this aim, the role of the tour manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organizational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in terms of achieving commercial success. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this matter further. This dissertation aims to synthesize all of this material and communicate a view as to how the modern day tourism manager has been shaped by the recognized processes of organizational communication. The challenges faced by the modern day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). Baker not es the shift from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors managers have traditionally spent the majority of their time communicating in one form or another (meetings, face-to-face discussions, memos, letters, e-mails, reports etc). Today, however, more and more employees find that an outstanding part of their work is communication (Baker K., 2002)

Occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients Assignment

occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients - Assignment ExampleA patient may display abrupt mood swings, give out aggressive and angry due to chemical changes in the brain. The patient may develop fear and frustration as he feels that he is gradually losing recogniseledge and understanding of his surroundings (Scout News, 2006). A person with AD may live anywhere from three to twenty years after diagnosis. On the final signifier of AD, a patient becomes increasingly immobile and impaired, totally incontinent that he stopnot control his urine or bowel movement may become bedridden that bed sores and suffers from muscle pain may relapse the ability to swallow and may not be able to eat or drink properly. At the stage of end of life care, the patient may require feeding tubes, respirator, antibiotics and hospitalization.Occupational therapy is recommended by physicians to attend to the patient mend the ability to perform daily activities and reduce the pressure on their caregive rs (Griffith, 2007). Occupational therapy can improve the daily performance, communication, sense of competence and quality of life of an AD patient. The therapist applies a cabal of education, setting feasible goals, using adaptations in physical environment, training compensatory skills, training supervision skills, and changing dysfunctional cognitions on patient behavior.The occupational therapist can help the patients caregiver to understand the impact of AD ona persons day-to-day function (Scout News, 2006). ... the occupational therapist based on Canadas Occupational Therapy Resource Site (2009) 1) pick at distractions in the environment by reducing excess noise at mealtime and decrease confusion by eating regularly, maintaining same table setting, use plain dishes and minimal cutlery 2) provide opportunities for independence and face-to-face control by dressing, lay out the clothes in the order that they will be charge on by the patient and allow the patient with AD to d o as much as he can for himself together with verbal cues and encouragement. When eating, use tableware with enlarged handles, plates with rims, and non-slip placemat to help the patient maintain coordination and be independent 3) ensure consistency in routines by preparing a schedule of regular daily activities for in-person care, medication, meals, leisure, walking, and retiring to bed 4) maintain a safe and secure environment for the patient by providing grab-bars, non-slip bathmat, bathbench and take hold shower with thermostatic shower control in the bathroom 5) manage stress by develop coping skills, providing support, and counseling 6) learning about the disease, its effects, and future care. II. Diagnostic procedures and Prognosis of OT Intervention Physicians usually do not tell the patient that he has AD. Only in the case than the patient expresses the need to know the truth that the doctor discloses his condition. The doctor will prescribe drugs to slowdown progression of AD. Drug trials are performed in early stages of AD. Most of the doctors dealing with AD will recommend Occupational Therapy to help the patient improve his capability to perform daily activities and speech therapy to maintain verbal skills of patients with mild symptoms of AD. Another type of therapy develop is

IranianSyrian Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

IranianSyrian Relations - Essay ExampleBorder clashes between Israel and Syria, occurring end-to-end 1960s, culminated into Arab-Israel war of 1967. afterward six days of war, Israel who fought against the Arab States of Egypt, Jordan and Syria, annexed much of Arab territory, including Golan heights sou-west of Syria. Fighting around the Golan heights continued between Israel and Syria because of mounting tension from the Palestine refugees entering Syria en masse. This resulted into Syria and Egypt going to war against Israel in 1973. Claiming a legal authority by Israel in the Golan Heights, quite antagonist to Syrias demand for Israel to relinquish its claim, notwithstanding aggravated the hostilities in 1981. Tension between Syria and Israel aggravated when the former demanded the return of the Golan Heights and the creation of the take in of Palestine.As Syria plays a major role in the Middle East, she sent peacekeeping troops in Lebanon to stop a civil war there. But this force remained in Lebanon as late as 2005. In the meantime, however, Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. An alliance of umpteen countries including the United States and Syria was formed to oppose Iraqs abominable annexation of Kuwait. Over 20,000 Syrian troops fought against Iraqi forces to at last oust them from Kuwait in February 1991. After the death of Syrian president Hafiz-al- Assad in June 2000, his son Bashaar al-Assad succeeded him the same year.Many countries insisted Syria to withdraw its forces f... An alliance of many countries including the United States and Syria was formed to oppose Iraqs illegal annexation of Kuwait. Over 20,000 Syrian troops fought against Iraqi forces to finally oust them from Kuwait in February 1991. After the death of Syrian president Hafiz-al- Assad in June 2000, his son Bashaar al-Assad succeeded him the same year.Many countries insisted Syria to withdraw its forces from Lebanon. Rafik Hariri, a former premier of Lebanon was killed by a car bomb in Beirut, Lebanon. Accusations from all over held Syria to be responsible for Hariris death. The assassination of Hariri triggered massive demonstrations and protests against Syrian for its withdrawal from Lebanon. Syria eventually withdrew from Lebanon in 2005. (Abu-Khalil Asad, n.d.)Iran - A Brief Introduction Iran is one of the ancient countries in the Middle East and is situated to the southwest of Asia. It has s now-capped mountains, and its land abounds with green valleys, and barren deserts. Tehran, which is the largest city of Iran, is the countrys capital.According to the ancient history of civilizations, Iran ranks as the worlds oldest countries. The product line of human settlements in Iran is traced back in history to almost 5,000 years ago. The Persian Empire, which covered a vast territory of southwestern Asia and parts of Europe and Africa, had its seat of civilization based in what is now Iran. (Ansari Ali M, n.d.)Map of IranFact File - IranOfficial Name I slamic Republic of IranCapital Tehran theater 636,372 sq milesHighest point Mount Damavand (18,386 ft above sea-level)Official language Persian (also called Farsi)Currency Iranian riyal-omaniPopulation 72,048,000 (two-third of Iranian people are of Aryan origin 60 percent are

Street art and political revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Street art and policy-making revolution - Essay ExampleFreedom of expression speech is assumed as the only contribute of expression, but art in addition plays a big role in it. Political revolutions tend to constitute beliefs and stand for a particular cause that the people concerned are entrusting to die for. revolutionary should have a symbol or an art figure that represents this cause, which tends to motivate and keep them focused on the eventual cause of their struggle. Noams face which is used as a symbol by Iran activists represents angriness and suffering which people find familiar. The result of the picture is Iranians in the dark of night shout slogans imitating Noams scream in darkness. The visual representation that these people look for is mainly found in the alley from artists who feel aggravated by the prevalent conditions that affect them, which they transform into art. In many revolutions where people push against their oppression, the Che Guevara portrait is common in many flags of the revolutionary organizations. This is a symbolic representation of Che Guevaras struggles against oppression, which he succeeded in the end. Street art is not only used in showing the struggle, but also there are those that show a new day will come where action will be taken and the oppression will end (261). In a revolution, the people reclaim view as of infrastructure, national resources, social amenities from the governing body. In Tunisia, street art was elemental in replacement of public spaces where the oppressed were given an opportunity for them to express themselves.

Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Divorce - Essay ExampleThis increasing rate of divorces goat be blamed on an imbalance between understanding the other person and maintaining ones own self-esteem at the same time. The inability of the couples to appreciate their partner and the values of marriage has direct to the soaring statistics of divorces (Kramer). With the advent of the same-sex marriages and claim laws permitting them, a difference can be seen in couple behaviors and human relationship attitudes between the same-sex and heterosexual couples.A very intriguing concept put forward by ray of light D. Kramer, analyses the values of autonomy and mutuality amongst the couples and the importance of their equivalent preservation. Autonomy is one of those values that is imprinted in the American psychology and even in marriages the couples are emphasizing on maintaining their self-beliefs and their true identity against whatever the circumstances. Carl Roger states that, a successful marriage is one that increase s the self-actualization of each member. In olden times, only men were allow with this right of self-governance, however 1970s introduced this ideology to the women as well. It is important to note here, when both members of the couple substantiate their self-importance and individuality, it is a step forward towards progress and social evolvement. But the irony of this concept is that it leads to a greater number of divorces. Therefore it is of most importance that this ideology should be in a state of equilibrium with mutuality and acceptance of the other person. Mutuality is a virtue that is not commonly honorable in our society and the attention of an individual is mainly directed towards self-enhancement, self-help and self-esteem. It is not something that can be taught or practiced spontaneously rather it needs to be incorporated in our society just alike(p) the concept of autonomy is. Marriages will not be able to thrive in a thinking(a) manner until and unless

Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading - Essay ExampleThe historical changes that have taken place everyplace the centuries have enabled authors to certainty and snatch up what was understood as the missing links of life and textual matter (Mavor, 273). According to Mavor, the essay Dearth of the Author, was part of the force that propelled the change towards postmodernismThe article Life Made dodge, Art Made from Life by Miguel A. Medina, demonstrates that there ar many artists whose artwork can be know without references of their biographies. However, there are other artists whose work cannot be separated from their life. In this case, their works of art are sustained by the events of their life. A third group of artists is the group that practices confessional art, in this article the most peak case of confessional art is done by Tracey Emin. Emins artistic production revolves around her life experiences and has off-key her life into a public display. According to Medina, in order to understand the sincer ity and truth in the confessional art done by Emin, one has to understand confessional culture (Medina, 58). In addition, creativity in Emins artwork is inspired by her obsessions and she uses painting, monotypes, neon, bedspreads, films, installations photographs, and books (Medina,

Case study #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 - quality Study ExampleAge with the advancement of age, the condition of presbycussis may become more profound having started from other(a) adulthood some cartridge clips from as young as 18 years. It may occur due to protract exposure to noise.Noise inducement in case one gets loose at a time to very high frequency sounds, then one can become either partially or permanently desensitize. It may be due to destruction of sensorineural nerves. The higher the pitch of the sound exposed to may vary the extent of damage to the ear. Very high noise causes a higher grade of damage in much shorter time than low levels of noise.Genetics sometimes deafness conditions can be hereditary. Where dominant genes exist between parents, the higher are the chances of the offspring acquiring deafness. Modern science identifies non syndrome and recessionary types of deafness.Boys Town Hospital is an institute in Nebraska researching genetic and hereditary deafness. Their website reveals genetic f act sheets and entropy regarding syndromes related to deafness. Moreover, they offer recruitment to people willing to learn about hearing impairment. It is duly registered by the Registry for Research on Hereditary Hearing Impairment.Lastly, New York Rockefeller has also conducted studies investigating non-syndrome impairment. Other Universities and health check research institutes across the globe have taken steps to ease the diagnosis and possible remedies on the condition.Ferdinand Berthier was an intellectual and an educator in the late 19th century in France. He was born deaf. He was also a governmental organiser in France politics. He was the founder of the first organisation that took wakeless care of deaf people. He fought for recognition of deaf people in such capacities as political seats, leadership roles in organisations, stating that disability is not inability. The aim of the organization was, to bring together all the deaf

Quality vs. Quantity in the Nursing Profession Essay

Quality vs. Quantity in the Nursing Profession - Essay ExampleFor almost 200 years, nurse has been a profession with amply standards of ethical service. It is not surprising how people looked up to the profession with respect and awe. The profession is not bonny about wearing the ever-identified white cap over ones heads and playing second fiddle to the physician.The scope of the treat profession has made it easier to identify possible problems that may pose as a hindrance to its breeding in the near future. Current issues plaguing the profession are not allowed to taint what the past has meticulously built and endowed. The new generation nurses are then tasked to make sure the profession continue being regarded with jimmy despite global problems.There have been accusations that the current nursing education does not produce ample competent nurses. Recent commercialization in the educational system owes to inconvenience this profession. Current diploma programs and coadjutor nursing programs are offered as a shorter track to allow the resource pools to stretch faster. It is a reciprocal knowledge though, that the mastery of skills in the real world takes more time to adjust to the demands of practical integral time nursing. Theoretical preparation however equips a practitioner the full understanding and applications of learning relevant to the unquestionable practice. Education does play a central role into the nurses profession but practice makes a better nurse.To address the issue of fast-track education which promotes incompetence, the different states have identified entry levels into the practice of professed(prenominal) nursing. The State of Texas and other states have identified license nursing practice along a continuum from the licensed vocational nurse to the doctorate prepared registered nurses. Vocational nurses are required to pass the National Council Licensure psychometric test for Practical Nurses (NCLEX-PN). Granted with a 90-da y temporary permit, examinees are required to practice with direct supervision onward allowance of a licensed practice. Baccalaureate degree holders, considered as articulate in the broader Nursing attitude are also required to take the NCLEX-RN and a 60-day temporary period while waiting test and licensure. Other states have their own various rules and advisories however dwell on the same premise as the State of Texas and the rest. Considering that major employers for nurses are hospital- based institutions, the face of the nursing education is being monitored by the regimen to undergo face-lifts in their educational programs. Despite the widespread difficulties encountered, professional nursing practice is prevailed upon by the actual educational preparation of a nurse and her exposure to the technical nursing skills.The United Kingdom, recognizing the same potential for the same kind of grievance has addressed the issue in a different manner. Ensuring high standards of tute lage in hospitals, routine inspections by the Commission for Health Improvement and Patient Environment Action team up is tasked to oversee the matter. According to Health Minister John Denham, over 400 nurse consultants will be posted with new top clinical grade for nurses and midwives. Sarah Mullaly, the Chief Nursing Officer added that the majority of nursing care delivered in the country

Investigative journalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investigative news media - Assignment ExampleDifferent stories were heard as the case in Baghdad was different from what officials had promised to be the case. Screams of death could be heard in different corners and alleys of the city as the citizens were gripped with fear.Back home, American officials who were interviewed neer though the necessary to mention the laws of wars in the different speeches whereas the Iraki government was opposing the air strikes run with dead bodies littered in every corner of their streets. The hospitals were a horrific site to witness as Iraqi televisions broadcasted civilians who were either injured or maimed in different parts thus creating the perspective as a blood scene. What next? The American government was quick to announce that the government of Iraqi had built their bases amidst civilian population therefore conflicts their earlier statements that civilians in the region were to be kept pencil eraser from harm caused by the air strikes .The responses from the two government sides further added to the point that during times of war, laws are off-key or considered to be irrelevant. Citizens in different parts of the world believe in rules or laws during war. This is original in spite of them also different the laws governing the terms of war but the force employ in any war. However, as much there is memorandum that controls the rules of war, there exists disagreements on who has the authority to concur war and enforce war rules when situations calls for the element of war. In sum, who owns the element of war in a pastoral or a

IPE (International political economies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IPE (International semi policy-making economies) - Essay ExampleFrieden and David (31) present that IPE is a maturing interdiscipline because of the great attempts towards solving the political and economic issues across the globe. The IPE field has undergone a significant shifting over the past thirty years. Hence, the IPE has become a popular area of study of relations of regime and economics in the global arena. Even though there are considerable variations between disciplines, the political and economic analysts are uninformed of corresponding advancement in the other arenas, save IPE is swiftly evolving as a true interdisciplinary. International Political Economy is a maturing Interdiscipline because the international trade now counts for roughly 38 percent of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Imports and exports comprise 49 percent of the total national siding in developing nations. The flow of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) has doubled relative to GDP for the past two deca des. fit in to Frieden and David (96), globalization now permits corporation, entrepreneurs and states to trade effective across the globe in a clear way, much than ever. The IPE arena is considerably maturing because of increased globalization. The political scientists have now started identifying themselves as the International political economists, but OEP( Open Economy Politics) bridges the political and economic disciplines thus providing a vehicle for synthesizing the work performed in both arenas. Evolution of IPE, Interdisciplinary Origins and its relationship with IR, Comparative Politics and Economics IPE emerged as the international thrift in the earlier 1960s and sparkle interests, in the field of political international rescue. It emerged in the political fields and drew varied sources such as economics, history and the international relation (IR) thus manifesting itself as a disciplinary that remains up to date (Cohen 24). However, after the Post War, the IPE emerg ed and since then, varied changes have interpreted place. The end of the Cold War contributed to the economic liberation and the emergence of IPE as a discipline that focuses on political, as well as economic issues across the globe. This was the period when many states signed allies that provided a framework through which the world economy could function. Although, the main allies contributed to economic conflicts, earlier political leading and the federal government introduced polices that aimed to maintain security of industries. The government laid emphasis on security and musical arrangement made in the international trade offered the state political glue that joined the global economy together. Moreover, during the year 1970s, the IPE emerged as deviating international study approach in the political and economic arena. However, it started emerging as an interdisciplinary approach during the year 1973 after the emergence of the world oil crisis (Hall 272). Thus, it alerted m ay educatees especially in the United States on the significant changes to economic foundation of the global order. Therefore, earlier scholar started laying to a greater extent emphasis on the IR and the related disciplines in politics, diplomatic history, economic, law and order. The IPE proposed a union in the political and economic field by drawing their views more on sociology and economic history. Some scholar such as Karl Marxist protest against the historical sociology and emphasized on the significant

Network Design for the 2012 London Olympics Essay Example for Free

Network Design for the 2012 London Olympics EssayThis report is a stair by step analysis of the wants planning and implementation of a electronic entanglement based on the infrastructure of an office environment. throughout this report, the reader will see how the requirements planning is broken d feature into detailed sections to illustrate how each requirement has been identified for the stages of planning to implementation. In the scratch activate of the report, we will be identifying what hardw ar is required for the dental plate of the profit, taking into consideration a room for future expansion and stratagems to be added at a posterior date. The second part of the report will be the identification of softw ar that will be postulate to run every(prenominal) work on the network including set-up and configuration of the softw be. Network cookery Why is a network required? Before actually planning the set-up of a network, the use of a network has to be justified . on that point are many uses to a network, some of the basic uses are Sensitive information mass meeting information is shared only between departments and/or specific users and not to other people, e. g. customer report information that contains bank information and/or other personal information. Internal digital mail requests and confabulation between departments in a business may be increased and pass ons stool be salvage for later use. Resource sharing information updated constantly is shared from one location and is referenced by other departments and/or users within the same network, e. g. a infobase of customer details and orders for a company. File supporting Services information is backed up or stored in a secure location in the in timet of future problems and to significanttain records of information.There are other uses of networks as well but chiefly they are apply as a heart and soul of protective covering. Within a company, when a network is u se correctly, the flow of information across a network can be monitored and tracked back to the user. This is natural to en sure as shooting no information use within the company is ingressed from an outside source or is employ in an unlawful manner by a company employee. Scope of the network Since the network is creation made for the London 2012 Olympics, we can assume that the network will be of large scale (roughly 500-2,000 users).This means that each service, much(prenominal) as email and DHCP function, will require its cause dedicated hardware in order for the resources to be adequately shared without any network latency or slow access experience. If the network is used on a much smaller scale, then the services could run from utilise only a few pieces of dedicated hardware such as the domain and email services sharing hardware. A site survey should always be performed before installation a network to ensure that wireless signals can be transmitted throughout the buil ding or buildings and to see how the network can be modelled based on the environment it is going to be installed in.Identifying Network Hardware In this section, we will identify different hardware and its uses on a network, how a network is connected and what devices are used to connect a network throughout a company building. innkeepers and Services There are many different types of services that can be hosted from a server on a network. many an(prenominal) of these services usually have their own dedicated hardware but depending on the scale of the network, the services can easily be bunched together on the same hardware to cut down on overall equipment usage. Domain hordeThe domain server is used to authenticate users and computers included on the network. It is considered the main access rig to a network because it stores all user account information used in authentication. Email Server The email server is used to direct messages to the correct recipient once the message h as been processed by the server. Many companies today use a surreptitious internal mail frame as a way of faster communication within departments. File Server A file server is used to bear users access to information and data across the network.This helps reduce file gemination across different computers on the network. Permissions can be set for file access so that important documentation can be read but not written to or deleted. DNS Server A DNS server is a kind of server that translates DNS names into an I. P address that is used for communication on the profit. DHCP Server A DHCP server is used by hosts to retrieve I. P addresses and other information. Firewall Server A firewall server is used for monitoring the network for vulnerabilities and intrusions and detecting viruses in the event of an attack from the internet.Application Server An application server is used to host applications and fare them a part of the networks resources. The servers are commonly used to save on costs for multiple software licenses compared to a site license. Database Server A database server is used to host a database for access by users. These servers can be updated and viewed. These are commonly used in finance departments or companies that host customer records that needs to be accessed and amend constantly. Network DevicesThis section will punter explain the other devices that make up a network such as the network equipment itself and other devices which can be considered essential to a networked environment. Modem A modem is used to connect an outside line (usually from an internet service provider) via telephone communication to the network enabling internet access or access to another sites resources. Router A router is a device that onward data packets between devices on a network and can manage which network node receives trustworthy data rather than sending the same data to each node.Routers can also have their own firewalls. Switch A thumb is used to conn ect segments of a network together. Switches are an important part of a network as they are used to connect multiple devices at once. These switches come in all shapes and sizes, ranging from a simple 2 port switch to a 48 port switch which fits into a server rack. wireless doorway Point The wireless access point is a device that adds wireless connectivity to your network. This type of network device is often used to connect portable devices such as laptops, PDA and Smartphones to the network.It is also used for wireless printers and installing hardware devices to computers where network cabling is not applicable. Network newswriter Network printers are printers made available on the network as a resource so that many users can print from one location. This cuts down multiple hardware usage per computer which saves hardware costs and maintenance. Aside from users, all of these services and devices are what make up a network. Connecting your Network Cabling and Access Points Now t hat we have outlined what services and devices make up a network, there is the matter of how a network will be connected.There are a few methods of connecting a network, each with its own pros and cons. The standard method of connecting a network is via cable. stock Connection Cable connection for a network is one of the most trusted methods of connecting users to resources. The reason for this being that wired connections were the first standard and constant communication to be used with computers. Wireless connection is still a plumb new method of communication and is therefore still changing. Types of Network Cables There are quite a few types of network cables that are used today in business, each suited for different purposes. distorted Pair is a type of copper cabling that is used for telecommunications and most Ethernet networks. There are two types of twist pair cabling. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) UTP cables have a range of 100 meters and rely simply on the cancella tion effect produced by the twisted-wire pairs that limits signal degradation. Shielded twisted pair (STP) STP cables reduce galvanic noise from within the cable since each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil to better shield the wires from noise.Four pairs of wires are then wrapped in a metallic braid or foil. Coaxial cable is a copper-cored cable that is surrounded by heavy shielding. There are several(prenominal) types of coaxial cable. Thicknet or 10BASE5 used in networks and operated at 10mbps, maximum length of 500 meters. Thinnet or 10BASE2 used in networks and operated at 10mbps, maximum length of 185 meters. RG-59 Most commonly used with cable television. RG-6 Higher select than RG-59, with more bandwidth and less susceptibility to interference.A fibre optic cable is either a frosting or a plastic fibre that carries light along its length. Fibre optic cable can reach distances of several miles before the signal needs to be regenerated. Fibre optic is more expensive than copper cable and connectors are more expensive and harder to assemble than other connections. Wireless Connection Wireless technology is also a greatly utilised technology in business today even though the reliability of wireless connection does not compare to that of a cable connection. Security There are a few different ways to apply aegis in a network. virtually security protocols may be placed during network design and some protocols when the network is running. Network security during the design During the designing of the network, avoid giving anyone outside the implementation team or network occasion any information, such as work plans about the network design or the materials that will be used for the network, which will help Vandals infiltrate or use the network inappropriately. Basic security that should be present in a network 1. Firewall will offer a tougher barrier between the private network and the Internet.Firewalls will prevent unwanted users or h ackers from accessing the network. 2. Proxy can be used to provide users a way to connect to the proxy server by requesting authentication from the security service during the alternate of files in the network. 3. Antivirus is used to prevent viruses from penetrating the network and the computers connected to it. It also eliminates the counter-espionage potential within a network. Since there are many antivirus softwares available, the network has the freedom to choose the appropriate antivirus for the network.4. Strong password encourages all network an web users to use a password that contains letters, numbers and symbols so as to increase the trouble of breaking or cracking the password and steal any information from the network. 5. Packaging cables used to make sure no unauthorized person have access to data and change it. Disaster Planning and Recovery Before setting a network, the manager of the project requires designers and developers of the network to take into accoun t unexpected circumstances, such as natural incidents and hardware failure, to reduce their impact.Earthquakes, floods, fires and such disasters may be given a solution using the following points The proximity of cables to main electrical wirings must be significantly opposed to avoid fire. As much as possible, servers must be placed outside the building. Extra security protocols must be applied to avoid losing information. If a building has multiple servers, it is advised that all servers be placed on an isolated location and away from public gathering places. This will require the cultivation of additional security precautions. Different types of cables should be considered in setting up a network to maximise its us Do not put cables near bodies of water system or water discharge sa this may damage the cables Provide rooms with electric generators in case a power outage occurs. Make sure that these rooms are close to their central control devices to avoid technical probl ems in connecting the machines to the generator. Provide fire-preventing equipment such as fire extinguishers near the whereabouts of control systems Provide water and fire alarms to inform personnel if water or fire gets near the data storage devices The network team should provide a innocent or backup server to perform full back up planning after disasterWith the increase in number of intrusions and attacks on networks trying to take data and information, a way of defend these data should be prioritized in a network. Since the data are, most of the time, secret and important to companies, detection and control of intrusions must be strictly implemented. Through the latest presentations that we have done in class, we have wise to(p) new techniques and OSI Models that should be taken into account to provide the highest standards of security and quality. Some of these techniques are firewalls, proxies, encryptions, IP security, data authenticity, communications type and satelli tes.

The Current State Economy Essay Example for Free

The Current State sparing EssayIt is known that the economy is intensively damaged and that it needs to be restructured. The menstruum fiscal constitution that are in place are good, but measures must be taken to avoid a crash of the market, get the unemployment tempo down, and stimulate the economy in the hopes of increasing the gross domestic increase and bringing about a surge in the aggregate demand.Although it may take some period for all of these events to take place, this is what needs to be done to get the economy to rise. The consumers and government must alike do their parts in order for this economy to rise above the recession it is in now. The base root cause of the current recession and economic crisis is largely in part due to the colossal increase in the issuance of sub superlative adjustable- locate mortgages and the collateralized debt obligations that they made up.The amount of subprime mortgages issued in 2005 and 2006 increased drastically, while the issuance of prime mortgages actually decreased. Basically, banks loaned money to people who would obviously default on those loans. People bought houses with these loans expecting housing prices to increase, but that didnt happen. Although, this was the route caused it is not the only reason we continue to be in a poor state. below you will find the over view of our current economy.The current economy expanding or contracting is contracting. Our current prime rate is 3.25%The current interest rate on credit cards is 15.4%The current unemployment rate is 9% (2011 est.) and 9.6% in (2010 est.). The unemployment, youth age 15-24 total 17.6% that includes male 20.1% and female 14.9%(2009). The current inflation rate is CPI measures inflation rate 2%. The current Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) are GDP (purchasing power parity) $15.04 trillion (2011 est.), $14.82 trillion (2010 est.) $14.38(2009 est.). The data are in 2011 US dollars.

Same sex marriage Essay Example for Free

Same sex spousal EssayBy making hymeneals the apex of intimate relationships and the primary site for interpersonal rights and responsibilities. trade union is not just anintimate relationship or sacred institution and a nexus of the personaland the instrumental, the wound up and the legal. It can be whimsy andromance, but it can also be strategy and financial respite.Until your lifepartner lies last in the hospital and you are barred from the room, oryou lose your job for taking time off to cautiousness for (and possibly grieve for)her, it may not be so immediately and painfully apparent how instrumental conglutination rights are. It is striking, in fact, how quickly rightscome to the forefront of the discourse for everyone, when the matterfor discussion is not simply (presumably heterosexual) marriage butis instead answer as same-sex marriage.Put these phrases into everyday conversation and ones sees the point of departure in a conversationamong heterosexuals, the word marriage is most likely broughtup when someone is talking about a happy marriage or a bad marriagean upcoming wedding or, perhaps, a marriage falling apart. Itis notably personal and relational. tack same-sex to the word marriageinstead, and a political debate is invoked. It is no longer simplya personal relationship but a civil right, a wedge issue, or a subject oflitigation. The articulation of marriage as a rightand specifically one denied to gays and lesbians as a classis not itself without controversy. Is the Philippines ready to invest thepursuit of marriage equality as a pursuit of special rights for gays and lesbians? 1.1 Statement of the problem1. What are the factors that inductance same-sex marriage?2. How many percent of the population are against or in favor in same-sex marriage?3. How same-sex marriage affects society?4. What would be the effect of same-sex marriage to Philippine society?1.2 Significance of the studyThisstudy pull up stakes help to prevent the ide a of allowing two persons of the same gender to enter marriage. This prevents the trigger of dismemberment of to each one family. It will help the youths for not planning to enter same-sex marriage. It also helps them to recognize that same-sex marriage is showing immorality.

Gender and Leadership Essay Example for Free

Gender and Leadership EssayThe seemingly never-ending battle amid the descendants of vitiate and Venus has permeated the corporate setting. The workplace has transformed into a fierce argonna that directly witnesses the competition between men and women. Who performs better? Who is a better leader? These questions atomic number 18 often encountered within corporate environments. However, ground from a critical examination, one cannot help but wonder whether sexual urge readily define and obtain the individuals competence and efficiency. This is most especially true as for the case of relegating lead and managerial roles. Despite of strong efforts to eliminate, if not totally, eliminate gender bias, women deals to suffer from distinction and un reach scattering of power. On a deeper context, this dilemma is triggered not by the apparent lack of talent and skills of women. Moreso, the unequal intervention is attributed to ones gender or sexual orientation. Discussion Fo rmer President Bill Clintons affirmation which places heavy emphasis on having a bleak gender of leadinghip can be interpreted in several ways. First, the said statement may pertain to the act of reconstructing the gender-based leaders roles in the corporate environment.As previously mentioned, the work place is highly patriarchal orientation. Having said this, such scenario thereof demands not only gender sensitivity, but more of recognizing and acknowledging the contributions of women employees. Oftentimes, women, despite of their hard work, are frequently omit and taken for granted. Thus, having a new gender then, equates to providing new perspectives and approaches on how to address gender-related issues such as leadership, for example. Secondly, the statement may too refer to the actual replacement of male leaders.Clintons argument could be excessively understood as a rallying cry to eventually topple patriarchal hegemony in the corporate setting. But then again, regard less of the various interpretations given to such statement, one thing is cleargender equality and opportunity should be readily exemplified in the workplace (Davidson Burke, 2000). Men and women should be given equal chance to pursue career growth and at the same time, showcase their skills and abilities. However, the bitter truth is that women employees continue to struggle and feasible solutions have not been made.There are different factors that seem to exclude women from the substance functions of the workplace. First of all, women are constantly subjected into positions in which they cannot fully participate in decision-making activities. Sound and healthy decision-making skills are strict prerogatives of a competent leader. However, it seems impossible for women to develop such skills since they are denied of the chance and opportunity to confide their talents into the test. In addition to that, the patriarchal ethos that prevails in corporate arenas leaves no choice for w omen but to continuously utilise more effort in order to prove their value and worth.Relatively, the normative leadership traits attributed to women are also one of the reasons behind the lack of opportunity to acquire leadership roles. In many cases, women as leaders, are often questioned and to a certain extentcriticized when it comes to formulating concrete decisions (Hartmann-Tews Pfister, 2003). Women are perceived to constantly change their minds, which is a proven weakness, most especially in highly critical situations. In addition to that, women as overtly emotional beings are also being challenged since leadership roles heavily demand an authoritative figure.Also the subject that male leaders, are more likely to take risks, thus, manifesting a strong sense of competence, further subjects women into derogative positions. But nonetheless, a careful analysis shows that the above-mentioned leadership characteristics of women are highly stereotyped. The truth of the intimacy is, gender can hardly affect the individuals management and leadership traits. These two force functions are not innaterather it is developed and improved via constant exposure to situations that require a pragmatic approach.Yet, as explained, exposure and career opportunities are often denied from women. Conclusion The call for a new gender in leadership, more than anything else, serves as a challenge to the whole corporate set-up. Everyday, a new breed or generation of efficient leaders and managers shall come into life. However, it is important to note that these commendable leaders are not determined by their gender. Regardless of whether an individual is a man or a woman, the ability to rule and govern are not exclusive to a specific gender.Being a leader is a right, not a mandated privilege. Therefore, in such a case in which discrimination and inequality may still persist, indeed, former President Clinton is correct a new gender of leadership must be readily formed and esta blished. However, this gender should be characterized by neutrality and not by socially-constructed terms such as being male or female. References Davidson, M. and Burke, R. (2000). Women in Management. London Sage Publications Ltd. Hartmann-Tews, I. and Pfister, G. (2003). caper and Women. London Routledge

Mental illness Essay Example for Free

Mental illness canvassProof written by David auburn goes through the life of an esteemed mathematician plagued by cordial illness. In the beginning of the play Proof we are introduced to a professor at a local boodle College named Robert. We first are introduced to Robert through a finesse of Catherines, another main protagonist of David auburns play. Auburn shows Roberts genius and madness at various stages throughout the play. Auburn goes on throughout his play to exemplify the impact mental illness has on normal family life. David Auburn introduces his two protagonist, Catherine and Robert through a delusion of Catherines late one night. We learn that Robert is a prestiged mathematician who was plagued with a rare mental illness. David Auburn hints at the idea that Catherine, Robertss daughter, was also gifted with the corresponding mathematical skills as her bewilder. In act 1, Robert and Catherine adopt into an argument over what are good days or bad days. Catherin e seems to conceive that the good days are those days when you just deposit in bed completely day and shamt perish, but Robert swears that those are days lost.Robert shows his concern for Catherine when he states You sleep till noon, you eat junk food, you dont work, the dishes pile up in the sink Some days you dont hold back up, you dont scram out of bed(Auburn 9). Robert worries that Catherine is suffering from falling off from witnessing her fathers pro foresightfuled illness. Robert thought everyday not doing mathematics was a day lost and couldnt imagine the work you lost, the ideas you didnt arrive, discoveries you neer made because you were moping in your bed at four in the afternoon. ( Auburn 9).Catherine and Robert seem to have disparate aspirations in life, Robert wants to discover new mathematical equations when Catherine wants to just relax. While we are lead to believe that Catherine is sluggish we get glimpses of her talent for numbers. We see that Cathe rine is brilliant through the eyes of her father when he says Even your depression is mathematical. Stop moping and get to work. The kind of potential you have( Auburn 10). Robert understands that Catherine has great potential to discover long elegant equations, but refuses to do so for some unspecific reason.Auburn hence changes the spotlight from Catherine to Robert when Catherine asks her father if his worked changed after he got sick. This is the first time David Auburn mentioned anything about an illness. Auburn leads us to believe that Catherine who latterly turned 25 is worried that she might to develop this same debilitating mental illness as her father. Auburn shows this when Catherine asks Robert how old he was when it all started. Robert goes on to say mid-twenties. Twenty- three, four. Is that what you are worried about? ( Auburn 11).We see that Catherine is terrified that if she tries to do the same work her father did she to will go mad. Robert goes on to facilita te Catherine by stating Crazy people dont sit around wondering if theyre crazy. ( Auburn 12). Catherine then goes to argue with Robert that his reasoning is incorrect because he was crazy and he admitted it, but Robert we then learn that Robert is also dead. This is the first time in David Auburns play that the readers feel that both Catherine and Robert are and did suffer from a unidentified mental illness.David Auburn leads us to believe that his main protagonist, Robert, has a sever illness called dementia praecox, but we arent sure. We notice that Robert has isolated himself and is very more than set-aside from the tangible world. We notice Robertss life change from his brilliant mathematician/ college professor to an insane graphomaniac(Auburn 15). Catherine goes on and explains to Hal that Roberts work has no connections to mathematical greatness, but to the same level as a knave at a typewriter. ( Auburn 15). When Hal says he is prepared to look at every page. (Auburn 15), Catherine says no. Im not crazy(Auburn 15). This is significant because we as readers question if Catherine is really saying that to Hal or onerous to convince herself that she isnt crazy. We get an idea that Catherine is crazy to. As Roberts struggle with schizophrenia continues he starts to exemplify some bizarre habits. We arent introduced to Roberts true madness until Catherine comes home from college to visit him. We get the image of a man sitting outside on a cold Chicago winter night without a jacket complaining that the excruciating heat inside the house.We arent told specifically that Robert has schizophrenia but we are lead to believe that he is suffering from it. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling wit disarray that has affected people throughout history(Schizophrenia). Schizophrenia impacts about 1% of the United say Population. Even though schizophrenia isnt common it still impacts millions of peoples lives each year. Robert exemplifies a lot of the same characteristics a patient who is diagnosed with schizophrenia is having. Many people diagnosed with schizophrenia feelthat someone or something wants to stultification them. They have a very vexed time telling what is real and what is not. Many people with the disorder are terrified of the imaginary people that they withdraw themselves from day to day activity. In Proof Robert believed that aliens were direct him messages through the Dewey decimal numbers on the library books. He was trying to work out the code. (Pg 19) Robert is exhibit how mentally unst able-bodied he is. He is having a hard time telling the difference from what is real and what is not.Robert also struggled with his normal everyday to day routine, leaving a burden on Catherine. Catherine was forced to leave her brilliance based down from Robert and take care of him. When patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia they have a hard time retaining normal day-to-day activities so they rely on other family a nd friends for help, for Robert, his help came from Catherine. This leaving a terrible burden on Catherine. Robert clearly was mentally unstable and should have been placed in a mental institution with professionals that could have properly treated him.If Catherine had put him in an institution she would have been able to continue on with her schooling and at her fathers brilliance to good work. Her father also may have been able to be cured because of the significant evolve of research on schizophrenia and other mental health issues. As a reader I question Catherines decision because I believe that she feared that if she placed her father in an institution Claire, her sister, would try and place Catherine in an institution also. Again that is the whole reason Claire wants Catherine to move back to New York City with her.Auburn leads his readers to question if Catherine Dropped out of school (Auburn 19) to stay and take care of her father, or because she was afraid that she was st arting to develop similar symptoms her father had Even though we arent told specifically what Robertss mental disorder is, we are lead to believe that it is schizophrenia. Robert has exemplified most to all of the symptoms of schizophrenia in many ways. Robert should have been placed in proper care with proper centering and treatment. With the proper help Catherine could have been able to continue with her studies and move on with her life.

Applying Ethical Theories Essay Example for Free

Applying respectable Theories EssaySummaryPlagiarism in todays copy and paste generation is an unremitting, complex issue that is non yet fully understood. The melodic theme responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning provided by students in defending plagiarism is crucial in preventing it in student populations. The reasons can provide the rear end for specific action-orientated recommendations to reduce plagiarism and to design programs to encourage originality and schoolman honesty within the relevant educational institutions. Moreover, the authors explain that this study has broader implications, given the link between educational plagiarism and the organisation and profitability of businesses. The write up develops an ethical frame function to analyse the reasons that students drop when defending their plagiarism. This framework is establish on previous interrogation into the ethical reasoning of students in different cons iderations.The authors explain and enforce six ethical theories in the report Deontology, Utilitarianism, Rational self-interest, Machiavellianism, Cultural relativism and Situational ethics. The paper uses content analysis methodology to implement the ethical framework describe above. Consequently, the question evaluates the recorded content found in the confidential files of students found to beget plagiarised work at a US university. This implicates the formal act upon by which the students were charged with plagiarism and how they defended their actions. To ensure the research was not biased two judges were employ to evaluate the reasoning.To ensure a sufficient take aim of inter-rater reliability, the judges evaluated 20 identical ads before being given the cases utilise in the study. Their results show students used all 6 ethical theories, deontology being the most common with 41.8% of using this reasoning. Variables such as Sex, Ethnicity and grade point average had no effect on the students ethical reasoning. Students who used the cyberspace to plagiarize were more(prenominal) likely to resort to Situational ethics and Utilitarianism. Thepaper concludes by listing a series of recommendations for each ethical theory on how to instil ethical behaviour and help prevent cases of plagiarism.Critical Analysis of the document purposePlagiarism and the internetGranitz and Lowey describe a new plagiarism epidemic in the paper subject to review. The analysis that they present, that plagiarism is increasing due to the ease of which information can be displace from the internet, is justified by previous academic research. The Internet provides as huge source of information which is good available to students for use in academic papers (Weinstein Dobkin, 2002.) Moreover, the way that information is presented and is accessible on the Internet has made plagiarism easier (Klein, 2011). Students have the opportunity to copy and compile information from a variety of sources with speed, oddly when comp ard with old-style plagiarism using hard copy sources.However, since the publication of the paper in 2006, it could be argued that many professors have become more tech savvy, particularly with the development of engineering in electronic detection tools (Klein, 2011.) Consequently, it is little easy to sustain the argument that transgression may present an irresistible challenge to students, as technology improves and if teachers in academic institutions become more technologically adept. Applying ethical reasoning to plagiarismAfter a historical analysis of the development of the concept of plagiarism, the paper moves on to conclude that our modern wisdom of plagiarism is that it is morally reprehensible. I would criticism this draw close using the analysis of Morality and ethical motive put ship by Klein in 2011. Granitz and Lowey do not appear to consider the extent to which the moral and ethical approach of students in acad emic institutions may differ from the general modern perception of plagiarism that they describe. Klein describes the research which suggests that on that point is ambiguity on what is perceived as plagiarism among learners. Quoting Weiss Bader (2003), an example of an ara of ambiguity might include peer collaboration and knowing to what extent the collaboration is considered inappropriate.Consequently, I would argue that the paper does not fully consider the extent to which the ethicalproblems posed by plagiarism may be problematic because they are non-traditional and that they may not fit easily into existing and well used categorisation systems (Clegg et al., 2007). Instead, the paper seeks to apply ethical philosophies taken from different ethical contexts (albeit ideas used by students) and it maintains the general proposition that plagiarism is considered as morally wrong, without analysing this specifically in relation to students and academic institutions.Content analysi s as a research methodologyThe paper applies a content analysis to review student files which record the formal process by which students in a large US West Coast university were charged with plagiarism and defended themselves. The name recognises the fact that students may disguise their true reasoning whilst providing the reasoning, but concludes that they are still exposing the logic that they use to defend plagiarism and being able to counter that logic is valuable for the faculty. This problems has been considered in the business context, in which virtually every empirical inquiry of issues relevant to applied business ethics involves the asking of questions that are sensitive, embarrassing, threatening, stigmatizing, or incriminating (Dalton and Metzger, 1992, p. 207).Furthermore, since the early 1950s researchers in organizational sciences have expressed concern that the magnetic inclination of individuals to deny socially undesirable traits and to admit to socially desira ble ones may impair empirical studies based on questionnaires which require respondents to report on their own behaviour or attitudes (Randall and Fernandes, 1991, p. 805)RecommendationsThe paper outlines a radical of recommendations based on the results masterd by the content analysis. Given the above critique of the content analysis, and the limit that the context of asking sensitive or incriminating questions in a business, and I would suggest academic, context, one could critique the assumption put forward in the paper that the recommendations for each ethical theory will achieve the effect of reducing plagiarism in institutions and provide a basis for the implementation of clear academic policies. Moreover, expanding on what I have suggested above, given the critique forwarded by Weiss and Bader (2003), it could be argues that poorpublic perception of plagiarism in academic institutions may make any changes difficult to implement. I would argue that a more useful critique wou ld be to consider the reasons offered by students in a non-confrontational and stigmatizing context, which could be used to understand the specific ethical context of plagiarism and to produce more specific recommendations.ReferencesClegg, Kornberger and Rhodes 2007 dividing line Ethics as Practice British Journal of Management 18 107-122 Dalton, D. R. and M. B. Metzger 1992, Integrity Testing for Personnel pick An Unsparing Perspective, Journal of Business Ethics Kaptein M and Schwartz S 2008 The Effectiveness of Business Codes A Critical Examination of Existing Studies and the Development of an Integrated Research Model, Journal of Business 77 111-127 Klein D 2011 Why Learners Choose Plagiarism A Review of Literature, Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects 7 Randall, D., Fernandes, M. F. (1991) The tender Desirability Response Bias in Ethics Research. Journal ofBusiness Ethics Robertson, D.C. (1993). Empiricism in Business Ethics Suggested Research Direct ions. Trevino, Linda K., Ethical Decision Making in Organizations A Person-Situation Interaction Model, honorary society of Management Review, 11(3), 1986, pp.601-617. Weinstein and Dobkin 2002 Plagiarism in U.S. Higher Education Estimating Internet Plagiarism Rates and Testing a Means of Deterrence, USA Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Weiss, D. H., Bader, J. B. (2003) Undergraduate ethics at Homewood. Standler, R. B. (2000). Plagiarism in colleges in USA

Sex and Gender Essay Example for Free

Sex and wind upual practice EssayWhen most of us think about differences between men and women (or boys and girls) we tend to think front about the biology involved. The physical shape of our bodies genitalia mostly, only when also the relative breadth of hips and shoulders, the aim or absence of a uterus and the potential to sustain a pregnancy helps us strain humans into male and female. Simple as pie. Which is good because sorting people by sex is someaffair that is really important to most people. Watch nearly anybody go up to someone holding an infant and the jump thing that she or he will ask the p atomic number 18nt if the child is a girl or a boy.But why should it matter to anyone what the sex of the baby is? Even if it is easy to tell male from feminine. Except, of course, that its not. Thithers nothing at all simple about the differences that exist between men and women because the biologic differences between the sexes be only the beginning of the overall difference. (And even the biology it egotism can be ambiguous at times Intersex individuals and other(a)s whose DNA is different from the most common XX or XY can be ambiguous in terms of appearance.Much of what gives us our gender identity as opposed to what we talent call our sexual classification derives not from biology (or at not from genetics) but from the social and hea then(prenominal) values that give shape to severally persons life. Because of this latter fact, the sociologist (along with the anthropologist and the social psychologist) is i mussinessly qualified to help us understand what distinguishes the male from the female and why there argon more differences among men and women than between them.Doctors and physiologists ar of far less use in determining gender than one might have suspected. one and only(a) of the most longstanding, most intense (and ultimately most frustrating) questions within the social sciences is that of nature-versus-nurture or how much w e recognize into the world with and how much that birthright is shaped by our experiences ex utero. This is frustrating because, of course, there is simply no way to determine what we begin with in terms of understanding our gender and having a spirit experience of self Infants are very poor reporters about their internal states.Moreover, phrasing the question as one of a binary choice between nature and nuture suggests that the two do not interact with all(prenominal) other rather than the reality, which is that they continuously affect, alter, or reinforce each other in an iterative fashion. The area of sex and gender is one in which this study (of nature and nurture) is especially fierce. This is true currently not in general because of any discussion or disagreement about the nature of sex differences but rather because of the debate over aforesaid(prenominal)-sex marriage.One of the arguments that many proponents about same-sex marriage make is that sexual orientation is biological, something that results either from genetics, from biological conditions in utero, or from some interaction among genetics, biology, and other factors. If we accept this to be the case (and I do), then it is important to acknowledge that there are clear genetic/biological elements to gender identity and gender orientation in addition to the physical shape of peoples bodies.Thus, while I am arguing here that gender is primarily socially and culturally constructed, I am not disregarding the fact that biology has no small part in identity. While I am discussing the issue of sexual orientation, I would equivalent to note that one of the ways in which men and women are both like each other (and highly variable within each sex) is that of sexual orientation. Very few men and women are purely heterosexual or purely homosexual. Rather most women and most men fall someplace between these two poles.In this way a woman who is wholly homosexual is more like a man who is wholly hom osexual than she is like a woman who is wholly heterosexual. The graph on a lower floor demonstrates the way in which sexual orientation plays out. Men and women can equally be graphed in each sector, and those in each sector are highly similar to each other, regardless of sex (Ross, 1983, p. 28). Likewise, those of the same sex can be very different from each other depending where they fall on this photographic plate of sexual orientation.But while there is an important biological element to gender, the majority of what creates a sense of gender identity (that is, what makes us identify and understand what masculine and feminine are and provides us with the mental and social tools that allow us to act the way golf club expects us to) come about with several key areas Our families and home environments, religious institutions (in some cases), schools, mass media, and what we might call simply society or culture. From infancy, our culture teaches what it means to be a boy or a gi rl.From the colour of dress to the toys we play with, the messages begin at a very early age. Young people are influenced by a barrage of messages to conform to a variety of expectations, to buy this widget, and to preserve a rigid imbed of values that stress the differences between genders (Learning Gender Stereotypes, n. d. ) Because I think that it has the most influence of all (simply because of the bill of time we spend at home and the fact that we are exposed primarily to our families when we are developmentally at our most receptive or vulnerable I will focus on the family of origination and the early home environment, including toys.Anyone who has spent some time with small children knows that there is a great deal of pressure on parents to give their children the right toys. This is (I believe) generally true more for boys than for girls. A relevant account here. A few weeks ago I was in a Target store and heard a man talking to a woman I assume his wife who was carryi ng an infant. She had a package of pacifiers in her hand and the man was saying, You get him anything that isnt blue and I swear to God if he turns out to be a fag then Ill kill you.I wanted to kidnap the child. Many parents are adamant about dressing girls in pink (and handing them only dolls to play with) and boys in blue (and freehanded them only cars and guns). Parents who raise their children like this tend to make the argument that they are not forcing their children into gender roles, but rather that they are simply catering to the inherent gender self-identity of their children. This is perhaps most commonly becharmn in the way that parents dismiss the bad behavior of their sons with the phrase, Oh, boys will be boys.True but the kind of thing that a boy is is in large measure what his parents make him. Boys like girls are the creations of their cultures. We can see this dynamic in the study performed by Condry and Condry. (The study was performed in 1976, but I believe it remains valid today. It is certainly a powerful study. ) They asked a stem of subjects to observe the behavior of a root word of nine-month-old babies (who were dressed so that the observers could not determine the sex of the baby).After a few minutes, the babies were scared by a Jack-in-the-box leaping out at them. When observers were told that the infants were boys, the subjects described the infants as macrocosm angry. Then the next group of observers was brought in and asked to observe the same infants who were then scared (again ) by the Jack-in-the-box. This time, told that the infants were girls, the research subjects described the infants as being fearful.Bland (1998) summarizes the cumulative effects of his kind of reinforcement from the outside world on the growing childs sense of self, including her or his sense of what her or his own gender should do. The suggestion is, that boys may react with anger, and girls with fear, because we expect them to. exclusively thro ugh our lives we tend to behave to match the attributions people make from social stereotypes because, to behave untypically, sets us apart. We are unconsciously behaving how we are expected to.

How useful are sources A to C Essay Example for Free

How useful are witnesss A to C EssayIn this essay I will assess the avail of sources A to C in determining the reasoning for the Statesn stake in the Vietnamese war. ancestor A is reasonably useful in shoeing how the U. S government wanted the general public to calculate them and their reasoning for the res publicas actions in Vietnam. Although source A does not state to whom the speaker (President Linden Johnson) is addressing this information. However, the mere feature that it is Johnson speaking, influences the reader to assume that it an audience of the general public that he is talking to. The time upon which he gave this delivery is also very significant, as it was April 1965, one month after major bombing operation rolled Thunder. This made the speech more significant as president Johnson was attempting to explain and justify the reasoning butt the major polishs that were taking place. In the first sentence of source A Johnson states, We fight in Vietnam becau se we deliver a promise to keep. He is near two different promises, the first being the Truman doctrine which states that America will give aid to any counties suffering from the threat of collectivism.This was set up to contain communism and prevent the domino theory, which was the theory that if one country were fall under the power of communism separately neighbouring country would follow. Johnson again refers to the domino theory when he says The battle would be renewed one country and then another. The second promise that Johnson was referring to in his speech was an unwritten promise that he had to personally keep.And that was maintaining well-nigh of the traditional policies of previous American presidents, specifically over the war in Vietnam and the containment of communism. Also at the residual of source A, Johnson quotes from the bible saying, Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further This was probably used because legion(predicate) American citizens were very r eligious at this period in time therefore people to appertain to it. Also the quote links the actions of America with Christianity, which would influence people into thinking what was taking place was estimable and true.Source B is also reasonably useful as it aims Johnsons real opinion on Americas amour in Vietnam. From the first line the opinions are noticeably different from that which he expressed in source A. This is probably because source B is taken from a private conversation. The first line of source b brings his true feelings into the light as he says I dont think the of the country know much ab come to the fore Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less. This and other statements such as I dont think its worth fighting for.And I dont think we can get out, show that in may 1964 president Johnson was clearly against the war. Yet by the time of source A (approximately one year later) Johnson had ordered a mass surgical bombing of North Vietnam, named Operation R olling Thunder. Therefore by this point Johnson had either drastically altered his views on the war or had succumbed to the pressure of knowing how horrifically impair the images of himself and his party would become if he ordered a mass withdrawal from Vietnam.It is safe to assume that the last mentioned is correct, as Johnson talks about this pressure in source B saying Theyd bring a president down if he ran out wouldnt they? This refers back to the reaction of the public and other politicians, which nearly in all likelihood be accusations of indecision towards his party (Democratic) on matters such as the involvement in Vietnam and the general Containment of communism. He would quite probably be labelled a traitor or a communist for okay out of the war and not sticking to the policies of the Truman Doctrine.Near the end of source B Johnson speaks of his fear of communism as he says Of course if you start running from the communists, they might chase you into your own kitch en. This is again referring to the half mask Theory that if one country falls to communism each in turn will follow. solely of this shows the predicament that Johnson was in. That if he retreated he would be accused of backing communism, but if he chose to stand by it would become Just the biggest God damn mess. Although the opinions change through sources A and B, source C is on the entire different.It was written by Professor Noam Chomsky, a political critic and a leading anti-war figure during Americas involvement in Vietnam. The source was taken from an interview with Chomsky in 1982. Therefore he has the benefit of hindsight that aids him to consider and criticise the attitudes and actions of the American government during the Vietnamese war. In source C Chomsky says Every book that comes out talks about how the United States was defending due south Vietnam. And that this is now the Official truth.This is saying that although it is not a written law, but it is still wi dely considered that America was protecting South Vietnam from the Norths aggression. Chomsky disagrees with this saying The United States did attack South Vietnam. It destroyed the farming, the peasant society. This is commenting on the use of chemical weapons such as Agent orangeness and Napalm, and tactical warfare such as Blanket and Surgical bombing. All these things contributed to the mass destruction of the South Vietnamese farms and forestation.This happened in Americas desperation to locate the rebel militia the Vietcong, and stop the use of guerrilla tactic against largely unaware U. S troops. However in attempting this the U. S forces damaged much of the Vietnamese pastoral lifestyle. And on occasion, American soldiers in frustration in their inability to locate the Vietcong would burn down whole villages at the nearest suspicion that they were helping the Vietcong. Later in source C Chomsky talks of how The U. S did not want and independent Vietnam He is saying that America did not want to allow Vietnam to take root their own future, and they did not want Vietnam to slip out of their strong Capitalist grip or orbit. To conclude, I believe that source A is the most useful in showing the reasons for U. S involvement. As it show all the pressures Johnson was under. The pressure to keep promises and the pressure to contain communism and prevent the domino theory, But most of all it shows the lie that he was forced to tell the public simply because it was what they wanted to hear.

Establish and adjust the marketing mix Essay Example for Free

Establish and adjust the marketing mix EssayPromotions ar not just aimed at increasing usage of the products. Followings are five other specific promotional aims.Sales Growth in that respect have two term of campaigns, long term and short term campaigns. In a short-term, the chief(prenominal) aim would be to drive revenues or cash flow, it also trigger the buyer actions. In the long campaign, the main aim would be intended to lead optimized profit margins. Especially for a refreshed lineage they might aim to build a customer base in order to cover new start-up business costs and maintain a sustainable business. For the established companies, their aim would be to generate to a greater extent business during slow or off season periods, and to expand the business into the newer markets.Brand Recognition 1 of the most popular promotional accusatorys would be building or maintaining brand recognition. The objective is to let customers or people know and well recognized your b rand logo, other symbols or characters. Customers identify it with your company and hopefully associated with good impression to it, this might lead to customers will advertise our brand to his/her friends. It also gives people something to memorialise you by , that helps the business stand out even more. Understanding and connecting with the image of your brand is critical to long customers loyalty and profits.Purchase IntentAs customers become more familiar with your brand, the side by side(p) stage is to motivate purchase intent. The goal is to eliminate, neutralize or blocks the efforts of competitors to grab market share. You need to claw customers away from aggressive competitors. Promotional activities can be used such as refreshing attempt use, encouraging existing customers to consume more quantity it occurs when customers are satisfied and can see no reason to buyform another company and more frequency and getting customers to switch from competing options. few custo mers are so satisfied with your services they cannot imagine shopping somewhere else A variety of promotional tools are used in this endeavor, including free trial offers or first-time buyer discounts Create Awarenessincrease market awareness is a primary promotional objective. A mature product that is providing something new such as a product improvement or enhancement can also turn to promotion. A product thats new to the marketplace will need promotion to be introduced to consumers. In all these cases, the objective is to make noise in the market that results in sales.GoodwillOne ongoing objective of companies is to supercharge goodwill with the public and also public relation campaign. Staying active in community activities and giving to charities are common promotional tools with public relationship. Coinciding with building and maintaining goodwill, public relationship and other promotional campaigns are sometimes used to combat negative publicity already festering. Wal-Mart often uses advertising to promote official attributes of the company in the face of criticism for some of its business practices.

Critically discuss the function of structure within the therapeutic relationship Essay Example for Free

critically discuss the function of structure within the healing(predicate) family EssayExtensive literature shows no significant differences in cure motors among therapeutic approaches, provided yet, these approaches differ to departing degrees in regards to values, techniques and speech pattern on structure. This then poses an equivalence paradox with clearly non-equivalent techniques. The explanation for this commonality in therapeutic out watch over between therapeutic approaches is the leaf node- healer relationship also cutn as the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is a much encompassing term for the underlying interpersonal interactions and the collaborative nature of the partnership between a therapist and a client. Meta analytic research studies show that the therapeutic relationship counts for . 21 in core group size, while in combinations with technical focus, the effect size is . 76. While not equally as in effect(p) as technique alone with an effect size of . 55, it is significant in its contributions to therapeutic outcome and has been worthy the focus on how it develops over time and the subsequent development of a generic structure to exhibit and maintain across all theoretical approaches.This essay go forth aim to look for this partnership and the needed steps or requirements on the part of the therapist in rules of order to establish it and the flairs client p characters and goals atomic number 18 incorporated into treatment, in other words, structure required for the establishment and maintenance of the relationship as there is research evidence to support the establishment of this alliance early for stronger therapeutic outcome. Generally, guide with clients ordinarily have a preparatory phase a first phone call perhaps, and introduction on some(prenominal) parts to the tasks and goals ahead.A arrayning phase that involves the face-to-face meet up, sign greeting an chalk out of the therapists agen da, contracting, negotiating and setting and summary of goals. A middle phase the therapist is concerned with facilitating eruditeness and channelise congruent with therapeutic goals and assumptions about change. The ending phase also involves process goals in order to seek resolution of client issues, consolidate learning and change and evaluate therapeutic outcome.Theres evidence to show that therapeutic alliance needs to be formed within the first lead sessions for a good therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the therapeutic approach, there is evidence that certain generic dexteritys argon important and required for the establishment of a structure within therapeutic alliance. These generic attainments include canonical communication skills, but also more complex skills which the therapist needs.They can be learnt and practiced as techniques but the therapeutic use of them with the client depends not only on the communication skill but on the attitude and intention of the thera pist, an inside energy of sorts, that comes from commitment to catch the person from their frame of reference and the therapists internal supervision, awargonness and self-review. The adjacent macro and micro skills ensure the therapist emphases the importance of inner work alongside their practice. 1) Making Psychological contactThis is an intangible personal process that changes from moment to moment, a mental exchange of energy between human beings. It is dependent on the skills, experience, attitudes and emotions that each brings to the situation and it presents itself on a spectrum. It ranges from clients who make no contact at all to those who invade the therapists personal place and on the other side, the therapists exponent to make contact could be influenced by how they grasp new clients and other factors such as culture, class, race, gender, age and sexual orientation.The therapists experience of initial interpersonal contact can be developed by self-reflection. Impa rtial witnessing The observation of inner processes without judgement. sentience of how others experience the therapists psychological contact e. g. Is it warm or cool, intrusive or up submit etc? And finally, skills of greeting appropriately and starting the interaction with particular adjustments made after fear is paid to and sensitiveness of culture, age, gender etc. 2) Effecting Intake and AssessmentIn an interview or a formal assessment, detail skills ar needed. They include Asking for information It is imperative that the client is made to understand the purpose of the questions and what will happen with the records. Purpose stating What the therapist wants to happen and must happen. This attend tos to set the scene of openness to clients so that they know the therapists intentions or purpose and also to experience the therapist as congruent.Preference stating What the therapist would like to happenwith an element of choice for the client. penetrative when to say no t o a client and crafty how to communicate this congruently, respectfully and empathically. 3) Introducing tape recording This is something therapists approach with trepidation and technical skill and appropriate equipment is required to execute. The therapist requires self-assurance and conviction to obtain permission from the client and it needs to be part of the initial contract. 4) Contracting and clarifying therapyNegotiating a contract with a client requires particularly the quadruple skills of active listening, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, summarizing, asking questions, purpose and preference stating, a balance between assertion and flexibility. 5) Beginning to earn a relationship The ability to communicate empathic understanding of the client, to show unconditional respect, and to be comprehend as congruent, requires inner and outer, receptive and responding skills. The client needs to hear that the therapist understands him from his point of view, accepting and not judging him, and is openly present for him and genuine in the role.This openness conveyed by the therapist may vary with the orientation Skills required to communicate this ar 1) Attention giving The non-verbal show of accessibility, receptivity and presence which are all influenced by an inner attitude dependent on the cognizance and sensitivity of the therapist. 2) Observing Knowing what non-verbal and verbal cues to look out for. For example posture, facial expression, tone and volume of voice, responsiveness etc. These clues are sought to begin to understand the clients internal frame of reference.Also, the therapist needs to check out their own body for clues and observe how the client makes them feel. 3) Listening and Hearing. The former is merely the inner sensory bodily function that involves picking up sounds while the latter is the same inner sensory activity aligned with attention giving. When clients feel really listened to, they are encouraged to talk and reveal th emselves. Accurate listening can dish up clients to increase self-awareness and reduce defensiveness and direct focus towards their own demeanor. It provides psychological space and support for clients self-exploration.The use of a combination of the above skills to focus the therapist and client at appropriate points in the interaction. It can be used as a check for understanding, pulling together thoughts, bridge to help client move on, return to something significant and to structure the interaction if the therapist or the client is get lost. 5) Responding or facilitating skills Also known as active listening skills. These demonstrate and communicate empathy and credence and promote exploration. They are sometimes referred to as first level empathy, distinguishing them from deeper empathy.The latter is used when there is deeper understanding of the clients inner world. Using advanced empathy too soon, exposes a risk of inaccuracy and poses too much of a repugn for the clien t. First level empathy consists of paraphrasing and reflecting feelings. Paraphrasing is picking up the meaning of the clients words and having and extended vocabulary to put it back to him reflecting accurately the feeling and meaning in a tentative way to check understanding. It is not parroting and using jargon or over technical terms.Done healthy, it enables clients to hear and understand themselves afresh. Reflecting feelings is signalizeing what the client is feeling often mainly from non-verbals like tone of voice, bodily expression and therapists own bodily resonance. Therapists need to be sensitive to diverse cultural subtleties as inaccurate reflections may neutralize the intensity of the clients feelings. All these skills are the beginning blocks for expression a relationship and for helping clients explore what they want from a therapist and therapy. In the main they are substantiative skills.Skills which continue to build the relationship and develop the interacti on will be considered next. These skills are challenge, both for the client and therapist. Development and maintenance of the therapeutic relationship Moving the client forward As mentioned above, the skills discussed so far can be considered as supportive helping clients feel safe enough to begin to explore themselves and their situation. To move on in the relationship and the interaction requires skills which will challenge the client to explore further to gain new perspective and new modellings and see the world in a different way.How the client will receive the challenge will depend on the relationship which has been make and how it is retained and developed all the supportive skills will still be needed, appropriately interspersed with the challenging ones. Inner skills contend a client requires the inner skill of the therapist in examining their own feelings about challenging others. The therapist needs to know how comfortable they are with challenging a client. This sk ill is should be applied tentatively and timing is crucial.A therapist needs to be able to gauge implicitly and explicitly when and how to challenge a client and which of these interactions are found on theories of counselling and psychotherapy. This skill really requires an inner awareness and careful attention to personal development is required. This is where tape recording and supervision are important in the review and identifications of values, whimseys, thoughts, feelings and sensations guiding the choices made. Outer skills Responsible challenging requires well-practised communication skills.Focusing. The therapist needs to help clients focus, if they are to move forward. Summarizing. As mentioned above, summarizing provides bridges, draws themes together and is used for keeping track. It is a useful skill that requires accurate listening, ability to filter relevant thoughts and feelings and ability to communicate them clearly. Both summarising and focusing provide challen ge to clients Concrete examples. sometimes it can be useful to ask clients for more specific thoughts, experiences and feelings. Communicating deeper empathy.The ability to pick up the real meaning behind the words, thoughts and feelings of the client which are buried, out of reach or implied and which may come to the therapist as a hunch. The skill is to put it into appropriate words when the timing is right. Challenging. Gently confronting clients to change their perspective, see a bigger picture, recognize strengths they are not using, note discrepancies between verbal and non-verbal behaviour or identify behaviour that is destructive to them and others. Self-disclosure.Here there are two types the therapist disclosing departed experience or the disclosure of thoughts and feelings about the clients thoughts or experiences. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. measure and discrimination of content disclosed is important. It could help as a model for the clients and he lp build the relationship or it may be perceived by the client as maladjustment and hence reduce confidence or the increased intimacy may be threatening to them. It is unhelpful at the beginning stages of therapy as the therapist should be concentrating on staying with the clients experience.Disclosure needs a sufficiently inviolable relationship and should be used selectively at the later stages of therapy. Immediacy. Discussing directly and openly what is happening between therapist and client. It involves awareness of whats going on inside the therapist and what is imagined as going on within the client and what is happening between the two. It is quite complex and challenging to do well, but when penalise properly provides client with insight as to how their behaviours affect others.It involves competence in support skills as well as self-involving statements. It requires assertion and is very helpful to build or repair a therapeutic relationship, identify issues with class, a ge, gender, race, sexuality etc and in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic practice, identify transferee and countertransference. All the skills so far require a lot of practice with feedback for development and lead to the final section. Monitoring self within the therapeutic process, paygrade and development of own work.This requires all the previous skills as well as the additional self-management skills which are exploitation a caring acceptance of self, impartially witnessing of internal processes, identifying and using resources to meets learning, emotional, physical needs, ongoing identification and checking of belief and theories, planning ongoing training and personal development, reflecting, review of recordings and supervision, reviewing with clients and asking for feedback from clients Summary Both supporting and challenging skills, regardless of theoretical approach are necessary for the establishment of structure within a therapeutic relationship.This structure and fra mework is important in ensuring that therapists are mindful of what is required to provide a supportive base to establish trust and rapport and then in the later stages more challenging skill are utilize to provide the necessary challenge that is required to guide clients into awareness and positive change. another(prenominal) possibly useful generic skill would be a termination skill to help the therapist during the end phases of therapy help the client consolidate learning and evaluate outcome and prepare for possible regress prevention and management and finally, client autonomy.Theoretical considerations There is no denying that the generic skills discussed above have built around and extended from the conditions identify by Carl Rogers in person centred therapy, to reiterate, they would be the maintenance of an attitude of acceptance or unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, as well as personal congruence or integration. Being a non-directive therapeutic appro ach that typically places emphasis on the above, supportive skills would be utilized mainly.Challenge skills, less so, but on occasion, as onus is placed on the client directional the therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy utilizes an active-directive collaborative style. In its very nature, it is quite structured. In reductionist terms, it occurs in the following four stages the assessment, cognitive, behavioural and learning stages. The therapeutic alliance needs to occur in the assessment stage, usually in the first session because quite rapidly after, from the cognitive stage, negative automatic thoughts are identified and challenged.This means, supportive skills and challenge skills are introduced quite rapidly and interwoven up till the learning stage and termination. In Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, a distinction is made between the real relationship, transference and counter transference and a working alliance. The real relationship would be akin to the therap eutic relationship as delimit earlier and would only be encountered after transference and counter transference because they are considered to be more of a contamination to the real relationship and would need to be worked through and resolved.Meaning the therapist would take a more reticent stance, utilizing mostly support skills initially and challenge skills only during the working alliance, (the conjunctive of the clients reasonable self or ego and the therapists analysing self or ego for the purpose of therapy) towards the later stages of therapy where interpretation of unconscious conflicts, defence mechanisms and resistances take place. Other considerations Having a framework is important in the development and establishment of rapport and therapeutic alliance but there are salient points to factor in.The therapist needs to have a level of awareness of the similarities and differences between them and their potential clients to avoid the traps of varying degrees of gender inequality, ageism, disability and social class discrimination, homophobia and other sexual orientation based discrimination, religion, spiritual, agnostic and atheist discrimination, and also, racial, cultural and ethnical discrimination. Regardless of how well a therapist conceptualizes how to establish therapeutic alliance, lack of knowledge and experience on these socio economic and socio cultural factors could prove counterproductive.